Bandura

Question 1

In what key way did the Bobo doll study by Bandura et al (1961) extend findings by Bandura and Walters (1959)?

Answer 1

They tested imitation behaviour when it was not directly rewarded.

Question 2

In 1974, what was Bandura elected president of?

Answer 2

APA

Question 3

Who is the most citated psychologist?

Answer 3

Bandura

Question 4

What is the Catharsis hypothesis?

Answer 4

– Idea that venting your frustrations helps to process emotions. Enables you to get out built up frustration.

Question 5

Who believed in the process of reducing a complex by allowing it to be expressed or vented

Answer 5

– Breuer & Freud

Question 6

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 6

environment causes our behaviour, but behaviour also causes our environment

Question 7

What did Miller and Dollard research?

Answer 7

animals and children imitate an adult model when they get directly rewarded for it

Question 8

What did Rosenblith find?

Answer 8

Sex differences in imitative behaviour of children

Question 9

What were the main hypotheses of the study?

Answer 9

1. Children who observe an adult model performing aggression imitate the adult and display similar aggressive behaviours
2. Children imitate same-sex models more than opposite-sex models.
3. Boys are more likely to imitate aggression, especially with a male model.

Question 10

How many participants were there?

Answer 10

72

Question 11

What was the mean age of participants

Answer 11

52 months

Question 12

What was the cover story?

Answer 12

the experimenter (E) and the child encountered the adult model who was invited to come and join in the game

Question 13

What happened in the non-aggressive condition?

Answer 13

– The model assembled the tinker toys in a quiet, subdued manner totally ignoring the Bobo doll

Question 14

What happened in the aggressive condition?

Answer 14

– The model assembled the tinker toys for about a minute.

– Then the model turned to the Bobo doll and spent the remaining time aggressing towards it.

Question 15

What aggressive acts did the model do?

Answer 15

• The model laid Bobo on its side, sat on it and punched it repeatedly on the nose
• Struck it on the head with the mallet
• Tossed it in the air and kicked it around the room
• This was repeated approximately 3 times, interspersed with verbally aggressive responses such as “Sock him in the nose” – “Throw him in the air” – “Kick him” – “Pow”
• And two non-aggressive comments: “He keeps coming back for more” – “He sure is a tough fella”.

Question 16

Why was it independently coded by either the male model or anotehr coder?

Answer 16

so that one or the other coders had no knowledge of the condition

Question 17

What were the imitative aggressive behaviours?

Answer 17

• Physical aggression (e.g., sitting on Bobo, hitting with the mallet)
• Verbal aggression

Question 18

What were the non-imitative aggressive behaviours?

Answer 18

• Punching Bobo
• Other non-imitative aggression
• Aggressive gun play

Question 19

Was ‘More (imitative) aggressive behaviour in the aggression condition than the non-aggression and control conditions’ supported?

Answer 19

yes.

•	Children in the aggressive groups:
–	Were more likely to sit on the doll
–	Display physical aggression
–	Verbal aggression
–	Punch the Bobo doll
–	Mallet aggression
–	Engage in non-imitative aggression

Question 20

Was ‘Children imitate same-sex models more than opposite-sex models’ supported?

Answer 20

yes

Males –> more aggression when exposed to male model
Females –> more aggression when exposed to female model
Although no significant interaction

Question 21

Was ‘Boys imitate aggression more than girls, especially with a male model’ supported?

Answer 21

partially.

• Boys imitated more physical aggression
• No differences on imitated verbal aggression
• Aggression by the male model was more likely to be seen as appropriate by both the boys – “Al’s a good socker, he beat up Bobo. I want to sock like Al” – and the girls – “That man is a strong fighter … He’s a good fighter like Daddy”.

Question 22

What are general issues with banduras study?

Answer 22

Generalisability,
ecological validity,
aggression or play,
sociodemographics,
ethical considerations

Question 23

WHat is social learning theory a bridge between

Answer 23

behaviourist and cognitive learning theories by encompassing attention, memory, and motivation

Question 24

Which 3 models were there?

Answer 24

A live model, a verbal instructional model, a symbolic model

Question 25

What are the mediational processes?

Answer 25

Attention, retention, motivation, reproduction

Question 26

WHy may violence in video games be worse than in movies?

Answer 26

active involvement,
identification,
direct reward

Question 27

What did Anderson find an increase in when studying effects of video games?

Answer 27

Aggressive thoughts, feelings, behaviour

Question 28

What did Anderson find a decrease in when stuyding effects of video games?

Answer 28

helping behaviour and empathy

Question 29

Who found no long-term effect of gaming on aggression

Answer 29

Kuhn et al 2018

Question 30

How does modelling therapy work?

Answer 30

• Phobic people watch a model act out the process of conquering their fear (e.g., of snakes)
- Actor is initially scared of the snake, and may take some time to approach, but ultimately touches the snake