Baron-Cohen

Question 1

What award did Baron-Cohen get

Answer 1

• He was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013

was also director of autism research at cambridge

Question 2

What did Leo Kanner find

Answer 2

In 11 children, inability to relate themselves to ordinary people.

Kanner-syndrome

Question 3

what is kanner syndrome?

Answer 3

infantile autism (< 3yrs), usually low-functioning with impaired intelligence

Question 4

What did Hans Asperger find

Answer 4

with 4 children, the fundamental disorder of autistic individuals is the limitation of their social relationships

Question 5

what is aspergers?

Answer 5

“milder” form of autism, usually high-functioning

Question 6

what is the triad of impairments (wind and Gould)

Answer 6

communication, social interaction, imagination

Question 7

What is needed to be classed with ASD in DSM-V

Answer 7

A) persistent defects in social communciation and interaction
B) restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

Question 8

What was Bettleheim’s early environmental theory of autism

Answer 8

refrigerator mother

Question 9

why was Asperger & Kanners bio origin theory weak,

Answer 9

didnt have the methods to explore it

Question 10

Info about cognitive theories

Answer 10

• Scarce before the 1980s

* Focussed on perception, memory and language

Question 11

What is theory of mind

Answer 11

The ability to attribute mental states to others which allows us to think about why people do the things that they do. It helps us to predict behaviour

Question 12

Who investigated chimpanzees and mental states

Answer 12

Premack and Woodruff

Question 13

Who said It is not enough to be able to predict the actions of another; actions can often be predicted based on the state of the world

Answer 13

dennet

Question 14

Why must a test of ToM include a prediction of a false belief

Answer 14

‘John knows the chocolate is in the drawer and observes Mary searching for it. John thinks: ‘Mary will look for the chocolate in the drawer.’
 Mary may indeed look in the drawer as that is were the chocolate really is
‘

^^thats just common sense

Question 15

Whose model of false belief task did Baron-Cohen adapt?

Answer 15

Wimmer & Perner (1983)

Question 16

How many participants

Answer 16

N = 20 autistic children (6-16 yrs old)
N = 14 children with Down’s syndrome (6-17 yrs old)
N = 27 typically developing children (3 – 6 yrs old)

Question 17

What was the procedure?

Answer 17

1. Sally-Anne task: Where will Sally look for the marble?
2. Reality question: Where is the marble really?
3. Memory question: Where was the marble in the beginning?

Question 18

what were the results

Answer 18

correct response given was 20% autistic, 86% downs, 85% control

Question 19

what was the conclusion

Answer 19

• Selective impairment in ToM
• Independent of general intelligence
• Children with ASD do not understand that their belief and Sally’s belief will be different
 Inability to represent mental states in others
 One of the first cognitive accounts of ASD

Question 20

What are other explanations alongside ToM

Answer 20

• executive dysfunction

- weak control coherence

Question 21

What is executive dysfunction (Ozzonoff et al, 1991)

Answer 21

• Difficulty in planning goals; tendency to become fixated on one

Question 22

what is Weak Central Coherence (Frith & Happe, 1995)

Answer 22

• Difficulty in combining several pieces of information into a whole
• Weak central coherence in autism

Question 23

Which ToM deficits are not specific to autism?

Answer 23

• Schizophrenia (Sprong et al., 2007)
• Depression (Inoue et al., 2004)
• Conduct disorders (Happe & Frith, 1996)
• Right hemisphere damage (Surian & Siegal, 2001)

Question 24

Who said “It is time to give up on a single explanation for autism”

Answer 24

Happe, Ronald & Plomin, 2006

Question 25

Why do we need a secondary order false belief test

Answer 25

Not all people with ASD fail the Sally Anne test

Question 26

What is the second false order belief task

Answer 26

John and Mary both know that the ice cream van has moved.
But they don’t know that the other person also knows this.
Where does John think Mary will go for the ice cream?

Question 27

did any autistic children pass the second order false belief test

Answer 27

no but some adults did

Question 28

What is the minimum neurotypical verbal age to pass FBTs (Happe)

Answer 28

3.62 years

Question 29

what is the minimum ASD verbal mental age to pass FBTs (Happe)

Answer 29

5.5 years

Question 30

What did Onishi and Baillargeon find?

Answer 30

• Infants look more at the event they did not expect to occur

Question 31

What is the problem of interpretation bias in FBTs

Answer 31

• Typically developing children pass
–>Interpretation: They have ToM
• ASD children/adults pass
–>Interpretation: They use compensatory mechanisms; we need to devise a better test
• Some ASD individuals pass 1st order FBTs…
• Some ASD individuals pass 2nd order FBTs…

Question 32

What is the social orientation hypothesis

Answer 32

an social cognition deficits be explained by lack of social orientation

Question 33

What did Senju, Southgat, White and Frith (2009) find

Answer 33

• High functioning adults with autism who fail standard FBTs
• Condition 1: Spontaneous attribution of mental state
• Condition 2: Verbal instructions
-> Drastically improved performance with social instructions
-> Performance in social tasks may not be determined by what participants are able to do but what they are inclined to do

Question 34

Performance on tasks can be affected by

Answer 34

• explicitness
• relevance
• intrinsic interest

Question 35

What is the empathising-systemising theory

Answer 35

• Newer theory to account for non-social features (Baron-Cohen, 2009)
• Two dimensions Empathising and Systemising
• In (E-S) theory ASD best explained using both dimensions in combination

• So the discrepancy between E and S determines whether you are likely to develop an autism spectrum condition or not.

Question 36

How many times has this paper been cited

Answer 36

9085