basic biochemistry Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
what is an element?
A
an unique substance that cannot be broken down into simple stable substances
2
Q
how many elements are naturally found on Earth?
A
92
3
Q
what are elements made of?
A
atoms
4
Q
what is the periodic table made of?
A
elements
5
Q
what charge does an electron have?
A
negative
6
Q
what is the particle for the symbol eā ?
A
electron
7
Q
what is the symbol for proton?
A
p+
8
Q
what particle has a positive charge?
A
proton
9
Q
neutron has what symbol?
A
n0
10
Q
what is the charge of an neutron?
A
no charge
11
Q
which 2 particles have a mass of 1?
A
proton & neutron
12
Q
what is the mass of an electron?
A
1/1840
13
Q
the nucleus holds what 2 particles?
A
proton & neutron
14
Q
where is the electron located?
A
electron cloud
15
Q
what equals the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
A
atomic number & electrons
16
Q
what is the equation for atomic mass?
A
protons + neutrons found in the nucleus
17
Q
what equals the # of protons in an electrically neutral element?
A
electrons
18
Q
what makes up the mass of an atom?
A
protons & neutrons
19
Q
what is a substance called when it is made of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined?
A
compounds
20
Q
what is a mixture?
A
2 or more substances physically combined
21
Q
what is the substance that has mass, takes up space, and made of a specific form of energy?
A
matter
22
Q
what is the term for ability to do work or put matter into motion?
A
energy
23
Q
what are the 2 types of energy?
A
kinetic & potential
24
Q
what is kinetic energy?
A
moving energy
25
what is potential energy?
energy that is stored/inactive
26
what kind of energy is C6H12O6?
potential energy
27
what is the name for compound C6H12O6?
glucose, sugar
28
what are the 4 different forms of energy?
chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
29
what kind of energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances?
chemical energy
30
gas, batteries, ATP, and fat tissue are all examples of what form of energy?
chemical energy
31
what is electrical energy?
movement of charged particles, or action potential
32
what does mechanical energy do?
move matter
33
a car rolling down the road and muscles pulling on bones are examples of what form of energy?
mechanical
34
what is radiant energy?
travels in waves
35
what are 2 examples of radiant energy?
EM spectrum, sun (reacts with chemicals in our skin to give us vitamin D)
36
what type of reactions occur when atoms combine with or break off with other atoms?
chemical reaction
37
where are valence electrons found?
in the outermost energy level
38
what happens to valence electrons?
moved between atoms in a chemical reaction
39
what does the Lewis Dot Structure show?
the valence electrons that are used during bonding
40
what is the term for # of valence electrons an element needs to be stable?
octet (8)
41
what does the human body run on?
ions
42
when is ionic bonds formed?
when electrons transfer completely from one atom to another
43
what is an example of when an ionic bond is formed?
when a metal is attracted to a non metal, the compound made is salt
44
what are 2 types of ions that can be formed?
cation and anion
45
which type of ion is when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged?
cation
46
what happens to anions?
gain electrons and become negatively charged
47
what are 3 examples of cations?
sodium, potassium, calcium
48
chlorine, oxygen, and phosphorus are examples of what type of ion?
anion
49
why is the ionic bond the strongest?
it has a positive-negative interaction
50
what are the 3 types of bonds in order from strongest to weakest?
1. ionic bond
2. covalent bond
3. hydrogen bond
51
is chemical energy kinetic or potential energy?
potential energy
52
how is a covalent bond formed?
when electrons are shared between elements
53
what is the result of a covalent bond?
a molecule
54
what type of material is a covalent bond formed between?
non metals
55
what are the 2 types of covalent bonds?
polar covalent and nonpolar covalent
56
what is a nonpolar covalent bond?
when electrons are shared equally between atoms
57
what is a polar covalent bond?
when electrons are unequally shared between atoms
58
how is a hydrogen bond formed?
from an electrostatic attraction between 2 molecules
59
what is a hydrogen bond formed between?
between a hydrogen and an electron-hungry oxygen or nitrogen atom
60
what does a hydrogen covalent bond occur between?
between polar covalent molecules
61
why are hydrogen bonds the weakest?
because there is only attraction between molecules, no electrons are being shared or passing over
62
what are the 2 reasons hydrogen bonds are important?
to maintain shape of DNA & protein molecules
63
what kind of reaction is anabolism?
synthesis reactions
64
what is another term for decomposition reactions?
catabolism
65
is anabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?
energy absorbing & storing
66
is catabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?
energy releasing
67
what happens during synthesis reactions?
2 or more atoms combine to form a larger, complex molecule
68
do synthesis reactions make or break bonds?
makes bonds/bond formation
69
what happens during catabolism reactions?
molecules break down into smaller molecules
70
do bonds make or break during decomposition reactions?
bonds break
71
what are the 4 factors that influence rate of reaction?
1. temp change
2. increase concentration of reacting particles
3. change in particle size
4. introduction of a catalyst
72
would sugar dissolve faster in cold or hot tea and what influences this?
sugar dissolves faster in hot tea, due to temperature influencing the rate of reaction
73
how do collisions impact the rate of reaction in increase concentration of reacting particles?
higher concentrations mean more collisions which gives way for a higher/faster rate of reaction
74
what is an examples of an increase concentration of reacting particles?
stirring gives way for more collisions
75
what is collision in rate of reaction?
the impact & force of reactants pressing against each other to give a faster reaction
76
how does particle size matter in rate of reaction & collisions?
smaller particles have more kinetic energy so it increases collision
77
what is the function of protein enzymes?
helps to break down molecules faster to be absorbed at a quicker rate
78
what is another term for catalyst?
enzyme
79
what is the description of inorganic compounds?
don't have carbon, are small, are simple molecules
80
what are 4 examples of inorganic compounds?
1. water
2. salt
3. acids
4. bases
81
how much of the human body does water make up?
60% or 2/3 of the body
82
what are the 4 properties of water?
1. high heat capacity
2. polar
3. chemical reactivity
4. cushioning
83
what is the high heat capacity of water?
absorbs or releases large amounts of heat before temp changes
84
how is water polar?
it is a universal solvent, it can dissolve items in the body, and it has a transport system
85
what does water help dissolve?
salts, acids, bases
86
what does water help transport?
gasses (oxygen & carbon dioxide), nutrients, wastes
87
how does water help with chemical reactivity?
breaks down biological molecules, like in digestion
88
how does water cushion the body?
by protecting organs from trauma, like cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in spinal cord & brain
89
what kind of compound is salt?
ionic compound
90
what is salt made from?
nonmetal and metal
91
since ions are charged particles they help conduct what in a solution?
an electrical current in a solution
92
what is acids and bases?
forms electrolytes, ionie od dissociate in water
93
what is the difference in taste between acids and bases?
acids have a sour taste, bases have a bitter taste
94
what do acids dissolve?
metals
95
what do bases dissolve?
human tissue
96
what kind of protons are acids?
proton donors
97
what kind of protons are bases?
proton acceptors
98
what are buffers?
weak acids or bases to maintain a steady pH
99
what is the most common element in the human body?
oxygen
