Basic Genetics, Moleculate Genetics, Biotechnology

Question 1

What is Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 1

Gene of interestbin donor cell
Plasmid in bacterium (vector)
Cut by restriction enzyme
Join by DNA ligase
= Recobinant plasmid

Question 2

Application of recombinant DNA tech

Answer 2

1. +Production Nutriotion in Crops
2. Pharmaceutical Products (insulin)
3. Make Cellulose
4. Break down oil spills

Question 3

DNA Fingerprinting Steps

Answer 3

Extract DNA
Ohtain DNA fragments
Gel Electrophoresis

Question 4

Gel Electrophoresis
Steps
Why

Answer 4

On Gel Slab
DNA -ve charged
Current -> DNA moves towards Positive

Molecular space of slab
Shorter DNA faster
Longer DNA slower

Question 5

DNA Fingerprinting Application

Answer 5

1. Parentage Test
2. Forensic Science
3. Preserving animals
4. Authenticity of Chinese Medicine

Question 6

Human Genome Project aims to

Answer 6

Locate all genes (Mapping)

Determine base sequence of DNA

Question 7

Human Genome Project Application

Answer 7

Treating diseases
Understand genetics
Understqnd evolution

Question 8

Human Genome Project Limitation

Answer 8

Not enough data
Do not understand all gene functions
Ethical

Question 9

Protein synthesis steps

Answer 9

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Question 10

Transcription

Answer 10

Hydrogen bonds break
Dna unwinds
One coding one template strand
Free ribonucleic acid pair up withctemplate strand
Complementary base pairing
Joins by RNA polymerase
formed mRNA

Question 11

Triplet code characteristic ×4

Answer 11

Degenerate
Universal
Non overlapping
No gaps

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

Amino acid binds to anticodon -> tRNA
mRNA binds to ribosome
tRNA mRNA join by conplementary base pairing
Peptide bond formed
Polypeptide coil and fold

Question 13

Mutation ×2

Answer 13

Gene mutation

Chromosome mutation

Question 14

Gene mutation ×4

Answer 14

Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
Inversion

Insertion deletion shifts the reading frame

Question 15

Chromosome mutation ×2

Types ×4

Answer 15

Strcture of chromosome
Number of chromosome

Structure:
Duplication
Deletion
Translocation
Inverstion

Number:
Chromosome 21 Down Syndrome

Question 16

Mutations cause

How

Answer 16

Spontaneous
Mutagens

Induced by mutagens:
UV light
X-rays
Gamma Rays
Mustard gas
Tar
Nitrous acid
Abestos

Chemical changes DNA structure
Raduation Free Radical damages DNA

Question 17

Mutation effects

Answer 17

Mostly no effect

• Degenerate
• not active site

Some harmful
- non functionable protein

Only in gamete/gamete-producing cells can be inherited

Question 18

Nucleotide
Structure
Significance

Answer 18

Phosphate group
Pentose
Nitrogenous base

DNA genetic information
RNA protein synthesis

Question 19

DNA Features

Answer 19

Stable
Accurate replication
Large amount of info

Question 20

DNA Replication Steps

Answer 20

DNA strand unwind. Hydrogen bond breaks.
Both strand act as template
Nucleotide binds to template
Complimentary base pairing
DNA polymerase

Question 21

Mendels Law of Inheritance ×2

Answer 21

Law of Segragation:
Gene has two alleles, one each gamete

Law of Independent Assortment:
Gene on not nomologoud chromosomes, independent on other gene

Question 22

Genetic Diagram Format

Answer 22

Let A and a be the alleles for B and b separately

                     Phenotype       Phenotype Parents                                 ×

Gametes

F1. Genotype Genotype
Phenotype Phenotype

Question 23

Method for testing homozygotes

Answer 23

Test Cross

Cross with recessive homozygotes

Question 24

Blood group

Antigen Antibody

Answer 24

Group name = antigen produce

Question 25

Variation types ×2

Answer 25

Continuous - Continuous range of phenotype between two extremes Discontinuous - distinct phenotypes, no intermediates

Question 26

Cause of Variation

Answer 26

Heridity: 1. Independent Assortment 2. Crossing Over 3. Mutations Environmental: Affects Phenotype only