Irritability, Nervous, Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Eye membrane ×3

Answer 1

Sclera - tough - protects + attach muscles
Chloroid - bkack pigments - no reflection - blood vessels
Retina - photoreceptors - detect light

Question 2

Structures of Eye related to refraction

Answer 2

Most refraction:
Cornea

Fine focusing:
Lens

Others:
Aqueous Humour
Vitreous Humour

Question 3

Image form characteristic

Answer 3

Real
Upside down
Vertically + laterally inverted
Smaller

Question 4

Process of forming image

Answer 4

Refraction
Image form
Photoreceptor sense light
Nerve impulse send to brain visual centre
Brain interprets - upright image

Question 5

Bones structure

Answer 5

Compact bone - dense and strong - support
Spongy bone - porous - absorb shock
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Blood vessels

Living cells
Minerals
Protein

Question 6

Cartilages
Structure
Use

Answer 6

Living cells
Less minerals
Softer
More elastic

Reduce friction
Give shape (eg pinna)

Question 7

Function of Skeleton ×5

Answer 7

Protect organs
Movement - muscke attachment
Support body weight
Produce red blood cells
Store minerals -Ca P

Question 8

Skull

Importance

Answer 8

Protect brain

Protect sense organs

Question 9

Vertebral column
Structure
Importance ×5

Answer 9

Vertebra
Intervertebral disc in between - cartilage
S shaped

Support body weight
Bending
Protects spinal cord
Muscle attachment
Shock absorber

Question 10

Rib cage

Importance ×2

Answer 10

Protect heart and lung

Breathing movements

Question 11

Movable joints

Structure

Answer 11

Ligament - prevent dislocation - elastic
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane -secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - reduce friction - nourish cartilage
Cartilage

Question 12

Movable joints
Types
Examples
Description

Answer 12

Hinge joint:
Elbow
Knee
- moves in one plane

Ball-and-socket joint:
Shoulder
Hip
- moves in many planes

Question 13

Skeletal muscles structure

Answer 13

Muscle fibre = one cell
Many nuclei in one cell

Many fibre - Wraped in connective tissue
A bundle

Connectwd to bone by Tendon
Tendon inelastic tough

Question 14

Muscle contraction to movement process

Answer 14

Muscle contract
Inelastic tendon connecting two bones
Transmit pulling force
Bones moves

Question 15

Opposing muscles

Answer 15

Flexor - bends limb - eg bicep

Extensor - straighten limb - eg tricep

Question 16

Nervous system

Structure ×2

Answer 16

Central Nervous System CNS

Peripheral Nervous System PNS

Question 17

Neurone

Structure

Answer 17

Dendron - to cell body
Cell body
Axon - away
Myelin Sheath - Fatty material

Question 18

Myelin sheath usage ×3

Answer 18

Insulate nerve fibres
Prevents transmission to surroundings
Speed up transmission

Question 19

Neurone types ×3
Location
Structure

Answer 19

Sensory Neurones - PNS
Long Dendron - Short axon

Motor Neurones - CNS
Short Dendron - Long Axon

Interneurones - CNS
Short Dendron - Short Axon

Question 20

Transmission of Nerve Impulse Synapse

Answer 20

Impulse arrives
Stimulate Synaptic Knob to release Neurotransmitters from Synaptic Vesicle
Neurotransmitters diffuse across Synaptic Cleft
Stimulate Dendron - Generate nerve impulse

Question 21

Synapse Importance ×2

Answer 21

Emsure One Way Transport

Communicates with many neurones

Question 22

Central Nervous System Protection

Answer 22

Skull
Vertibral Column
Membrane of brain ×3
Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

Cerebrospinal fluid
Location
Importance

Answer 23

Between inner and middle membrane
Central canal

Shock absorber
Mechanical support
Provide nutrients

Question 24

Brain parts
Colour
Importance

Answer 24

Cerebrum
In White Out Grey Matter
Voluntary action, intelligence

Cerebellum
In White Out Grey
Coordinates Muscle Movement To Maintain Bofmdy Balance when moving

Medulla Oblongata
In Grey Out White
Involuntary action eg Breathing Heart beat
Reflex Centre

Question 25

Why is Cerebrum and Cerebellum highly folded

Answer 25

Surface area | Hold more neurones

Question 26

What is | Grey Matter White Matter

Answer 26

White - Myelin sheath | Grey - Cell body

Question 27

Cerebellum Importance

Answer 27

Coordinates Muscle Movements To Maimtain Balance of Body When moving

Question 28

Brain areas ×3 | Usage

Answer 28

Sensory Area Sensations - receive Motor Area Movements - send merve impulse Associate Area Intergrate info Make decisions

Question 29

Spinal cord Structure Colour Neurones

Answer 29

Central canal in middle Dorsal = back Ventral = fronr In Grey Out White Sensory neurones cell body - Dorsal Root Ganglion Motor Neurones - Grey Matter Interneurones - Grey Matter

Question 30

Spinal Cord Importance ×2

Answer 30

Relays nerve impulse between brain and body parts | Reflex centre for limbs and trunk

Question 31

Reflex Action Characteristics ×4

Answer 31

Inborn Rapid Automatic Stereoptyped

Question 32

Withdrawal reflex process

Answer 32

``` Touch sharp object Pain receptors generate impulse Along sensory neurones Interneurone Motor neurones to effectors Muscle contract Hand withdraw ``` Note: withdraw before feeling pain Another pathway to brain

Question 33

Knee jerk reflex process | Usage

Answer 33

``` Tendon tapped Stretch receptors stimulated Sensory neurones Motor neurones Legs muscles contract -effector ``` Maintain posture Note: no interneurones

Question 34

Voluntary Action Process

Answer 34

``` Receptor stimulated Sensory Neurones Cerebrum interprets integrate Initiate Send nerve impulse along motor neurone Effector ``` Note: can be initiated without stimuli

Question 35

Endocrine Where Examples

Answer 35

Directly to blood Eg. Pituitary glands, Thyroid glands

Question 36

Exocrine How release Examples

Answer 36

Release through ducts Eg. Gastric glands, salivary glands