Reproduction Flashcards
(27 cards)
Male Glands ×3
Usage
Cowper’s Glands
Prostate Glands
Seminal Vesicles
Secrete Seminal Fluids
Sperm production
Site
Process
Seminiferous Tubule
Cells between tubules -> male hormones
Stimulate cells at wall produce sperms
Transport to epididymus
Sperm structure
Head - Acrosome + Nucleus
Neck - Mitochondria
Tail - Swimming
Ova structure
Jelly coat
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm - Food for embryo
Nucleus - Haploid chromosome
Secomdary sexual characteristic
Examples
Male: Beard Voice deepens Larynx enlarged Shoulder broaden
Female
More fat under skin
Breast develop
Hip develop
Ovulation process
Follicles developed Follicle moves to surface and Burst Ovulation occurs Follicle -> yellow body Yellow body degenerates when no fertilization
Menstrual Cycle process
1-5 Uterine lining break down -> Menstruation
5-14 Follicle develops. Uterine lining thicken
14 Ovulation
14-28 Uterine lining continues to thicken
Copulation
Penis erectile tissues fills with blood -> erect
Inserts to vagina
Muscles of epididymus, vas deferens contracts
Ejects semen in Vagina
Before fertilization
Sperm route
How do most sperms die
Through cervix, uterus, oviduct
Peristalsis uterus, oviducts
Trapped in mucus, acidity
Temp too high
Defective
Fertilization
Sperms meets ovum in oviduct Enzymes from acrosome digest jelly coat Sperm's head enter cytoplasm Ovum becomes impermeable Nucleus fuses Zygote forms
Implantation
Zygote transport towards uterus by beating action of cilia, peristalsis of oviduct.
Zygote undergoes mitotic cell division -> Embryo
Embryo implants into uterine lining
Amnion
Secretes amnionic fluid
Encloses embryo
Amniotic fluid
Prevents dessication
Protects mechanical injury
Stable enivronment
Lubricate vagina during childbirth
Placenta structure
Why not mix
Usage
Umbillical arteries ×2 -> deoxygenated blood
Umbillical vein ×1 -> oxygenated blood
High pressure from mother damaging embryo
Blood group incompatibility
Exchange of materials
Antibodies diffuses in embryo
Barrier to harful substance
Secretes hormone maintain thickness
Placenta Adaptation
Embryonic villi
Thin walls of capillaries and embryonic villi
Large amount of blood vessels
Twins
Types
How
Identical
One embryo to two
Fracternal
Two ova fertilized same time
Labour
Dilation - Cervix dilates, Amnion breaks, acts as lubricant
Expulsion of foetus - push out
Expulsion of placenta
Contraception
How
Revent ovulation - contraceptive pills, patches, injections
Prevent sperms meets ova - Rhythm method, Condom, Diaphragm
Vasectomy, Tubal ligation
Prevent implantation - intrauterine device
Pollination
2 types
2 types
Self-pollination
Cross-pollinatiom - greater variety
Insect pollinated
Wind pollinated
Insect pollination Wind pollimation
Difference ×6 fields
Petals:
Large, brightly coloured, Nectar guides
Reduced, green, dull coloured
Scent:
Present
Absent
Nectaries:
Present
Absent
Anthers:
Inside flowers, firmly attached
Outside flower, loosely attched
Pollen grains;
Large rough sticky spikey, less
Light dry smooth, more
Stigmas:
Inside flower, sticky
Outside, feathery and long
Fertillization - flowering plant
Pollen grains lands on stigma
Sugary solution -> Gernmination of Pollen Tube
Pollen tube grows down style, digest with enzyme
To ovule, to micropyle, tip burst to release male gametes
Gametes fuses -> Zygote
Reproduction main steps
Ovulation Copulation Fertilization Implantation Amnion Placenta Labour
After fertilization -> flower fruit
Stamen, petal, sepal - withers, fall off Ovary wall - fruit wall Interguments - seed coat Ovule - seed Ovum - embryo Style stigma remains - scar
Fruit uses
Dispersion
Protection
