Digestive Respiratory Circulatory

Question 1

Types of Teeth

4

Answer 1

Incisor Chisel shaped Biting
Canine Pointed Tearing Flesh
Premolar Broad Top Cusps Grinding
Molar Broad Top Cusps Grinding

Question 2

Dental Formula

Answer 2

Milk Teeth
2102

Permanent Teeth
2123

Question 3

Teeth Structure

Answer 3

Enamel - Non living, Ca
Dentine - Bone like, largest portion, living strands of cytoplasm
Pulp Cavity - Capillaries, nerve endings
Periodontal Membrane - Hold tooth in place
Cement - attach to jawbone

Question 4

Tooth Disease ^2

Answer 4

Tooth Decay - bacteria in plaque - Break down sugar - pH drops - dissolve enamel

Periodontal Disease - Accumulation of plaque - toxins inflammation - tar tar - tooth lost

Question 5

Physical Digestion ^4

Answer 5

Chweing - Mastication
Churning
Peristalsis
Emulsification

Question 6

Epiglottis swallowing

Answer 6

Tongue pushes Bulus to pharynx

Soft Palate moves up - Prevent entering nasal cavity

Epiglottis covers trachea

Bolus enters oesophagus

Question 7

Digestive juice ^5

Starch Protein Lipids where

Answer 7

Starch Protein Lipids
Saliva Amylase
Gastric Juice Pepsin
Bile Bile Salt
Pancreatic Juice Amylase Protease Lipase
Intestinal Juice Carbohydrase Protease

Question 8

Ileum adaptation ^7

Answer 8

Long Canal
Highly Folded
Thin Epithelium
Large no. Capillaries + Lacteal
Numerous Villi
Numerous Microvilli on villi
Peristalsis - close contact

Question 9

Viili
Capillaries
Lacteal
Materials
How
Pathways

Answer 9

Capillaries
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Minerals
Water soluble Vitamin

Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis for water

Small intestine
Blood Capillaries
Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic Vein
Vena Cava
Heart
Aorta
All body parts

Lacteal
Fatty acid glycerols combine
Lipid droplets
Lipid soluble vitamins

Diffusion

Lacteal
Lymph vessels
Main vein near neck
Vena cava
Heart
Aorta
All body parts

Question 10

Liver function ^6

Answer 10

Deanimation
Regulation of glucose glycogen
Glucose Fe lipid soluble vitamin -storage
Bile salt production
Production of vitamin A
Detoxification

Question 11

Lung Structure Pathway

Answer 11

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Air Sac

Question 12

Cilia Mucus Capillaries Cartilages

Answer 12

Ciliated epithelial cell
Mucis secreting cell

Cilia Mucus Capillaries Cartilages
Nasal Nasal Nasal
Larynx
Trachea Trachea Trachea Trachea
Bronchus Bronchus Bronchus Bronchus
Bronchiole Bronchiole
Air Sac

Question 13

Inhalation/Exhalation

Answer 13

Intercostal Muscles  Contract/Relax
Diaphragm Muscles  Flattened/Recoil
Volume of Thoracic Cavity Increase/Decrease
Volume of Lungs Increase/Decrease
Pressure in Lungs   Lower/Higher
Air rush In/Out

Question 14

Air Sac Gas Exchange uptake and removal

Answer 14

Inhaled air to Air Sac
Dissolves in water film
O2 conc water flim > Blood
Diffusion

CO2 conc in blood > Water film
Diffusion to water film to air
Removed in exhalation

Question 15

Air Sac Adaptation ^5

Answer 15

Large Number
Thin Epitheliun
Large No of Capillaries
Moist surface
Close to Capillaries

Question 16

Red Blood Cells Adaptation Oxygen Uptake

Answer 16

Biconcave - large surface area:volume ratio
- short distant for O2 to leave
No Nucleus when Mature
Fully Packed with Haemoglobin

Question 17

Uptake Release of O2

Answer 17

O2 diffuses in red blood cell
Combines with Haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin - Bright red

Conc of O2 Blood > body cells
Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
O2 diffuses into cell
Purplish red

Question 18

What is
Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Residue Volume
Total lung capacity

Answer 18

Normal breathing
Largest volume breathed
Cannot breathe out
All

Question 19

Smoking
Chemicals
How is it harmful

Answer 19

Tar Deposit in air sac. Surface area
Nicotine Addivtive
CO Poisonous lower O2 content

Question 20

Blood Composition
Serum
Plasma
Blood

Answer 20

Serum - H2O CO2 Nutrients Urea Hormones Antibodies

Plasma - Serum + Fibrinogen

Blood - Plasma + Blood Cells

Question 21

Plasma pH

Answer 21

Slightly alkaline

Question 22

Red Blood Cells
Adaptation on respiration
Function
Formation
Destruction
Disease

Answer 22

Anaerobic Respiration - no mitochondria
- do not use up O2

Function - hold oxygen

Formation
Red Bone Marrow in Long Bones and ribs sternum backbone

Destruction
Liver and spleen
Iron reused
Bile pigment to bile

Disease
Anaemia

Question 23

White Blood Cells
Types
Structure
Function
Formation
Destruction
Disease

Answer 23

Phagocytes Lymphocytes

Lobed nucleus Large and round
Nucleus

Squeeze through Produce Antibodies
cap walls Destroy pathogens
Engulf Digest patho Neutralize poison

Form in bone marrow and spleen
Kill by germs

Leukaemia

Question 24

Blood Platelets
Structure
Function
Formtation
Destruction

Answer 24

Small piece of cell fragments
No nucleus

Blood Clotting - prevent excess loss of blood
- prevent entry of germs

Bone marrow -> Liver Spleen

Question 25

Function of Blood ^3

Answer 25

Tranport of Blood Protection against Infection Regulation of Heat Water Hormones

Question 26

What happens when different blood gp combines

Answer 26

Antibodies antigens combines Agglutination Form clumps Block vessels

Question 27

Blood vessels pathway

Answer 27

``` Aorta Artery Arteriole Capillaries Venules Veins Vena Cava ```

Question 28

Artery Structure + Usage ^3 Characteristic ^5

Answer 28

Small lumen ) Lining ) Muscle layer ) Fibrous Tissue Thick wall - withstand High Presure Muscle - contract relax - Change Size of lumen Elastic tissue - Distend Recoil - Continuous blood flow ``` Away from heart Deep Inside Body High BP Mostly oxygenated Driving force - pumping of heart ```

Question 29

Veins Structure Valves usage Characteristic ^5

Answer 29

Large lumen ) Thin layer of Muscles ) Fibrous tissue Valves - prevent backflow of blood ``` Towards heart Close to body surface Low BP Mostly deoxy Driving force - skeletak muscle contractions - squeeze on veins -forces blood to heart Lower bp than vena cava ```

Question 30

Capillaries | Features ^4

Answer 30

``` Low bp - small diameter - high resistance One cell think wall Numerous branches - area Large total cross sectional area - low rate of blood flow - more time for exchange of material ```

Question 31

Capillary venule | Which higher Bp

Answer 31

Capillary | Long travelling distance for veins

Question 32

Blood in heart pathway

Answer 32

Vena cava (anterior posterior) Right atrium - Tricuspid valve Right VentricLE - Semilunar valves Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium - Bicuspid Valve Aorta

Question 33

Adaptative feature of heart ^4

Answer 33

Continuous contractions without fatigue Thick ventricle - sufficient force to drive blood for long D Valves - prevent backflow of blood Heart tendons - Prevent Valves Turning InSide OuT

Question 34

Tissue fluid Formation

Answer 34

Arieriole end - Pressure of blood in capi > in tissue fluid Forces plasma out except plasma protein out of cap wall Venule end - Water potential of blood < Tissue fluid Due to plasma protein in blood Osmosis - Water drawn in capi Small amount of fluids drain into lymph vessels Red blood cell, platelet, plasma protein cant pass through White blood cell can squeeze through

Question 35

Tissue fluid significance ^2

Answer 35

Constant enviro for body cell | Link for exchange if materials

Question 36

Lymph ^1 Lymph vessels ^2 Lymph nodes ^3 Features

Answer 36

Same content as tissue fluid Valves Skeletal muscles contraction for moving Contains phagocyte Produce lymphocyte Accumulate - enlarge when infected

Question 37

Functions ^5

Answer 37

``` Returns excess tissue fluid to bloodstream Filter out germs Transport lipid Produce lymphocyte Remove metabolic waste ```