Physiology Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is Osmoregulation
Maintaining stable water potential of bpdy fluids
Kidney Functions
Osmoregulation
Excretion
Urine formation process
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Ultrafiltration
High pressure in afferent arteriole Molecules forced out Glomerular filtrate formed: Glucose Amino acid Water Salt Urea XXXX No Plasma Protein, too large to pass through
Note: It is Passive transport
Reabsorption
Where
Significance
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Useful substance back to blood
Adaptation for Reabsorption
- One-cell thick - Diffusion distance
- Dense capillary - Steep conc. gradient
- Microvilli - Surface area
4 Long and Coiled tubule - Surface area + Time - Mitochondria - Active Transport
Reabsorbtion
Substance and ways
Glucose ~ 100% - Diffusion + Active Tranport
Amino acid ~ 100% - Diffusion + Active Transport
Salt ~ 80% - Diffusion + Active Transport
Water ~ 99% - Osmosis
Urea ~ 50% - Diffusion
Hormomes
Drinking lots of water
Water potential increases Hypothalamus detected Pituitary glands release less ADH Premeability of collecting tube to water decreases Small proportion of water reabsorbed Large volume of dilute urine
Antidiuertic Hormone
Hormones
Sweating a lot
Water potential decreases Hypothalamus detected Pituitary glands release more ADH Premeability of collecting tube to water imcreases Larger proportion of water reabsorbed Smaller volume of concentrated urine
Excretion importance
Eliminate metabolic waste as they are toxic
Dialysis machine
Who use
Feature
Diffenrence with kidney
Kidney failure patient
Haemodialysis by dialysis machine
Selectively permeable
Similar water potential
Similar conc. of nutrients
No metabolic waste
No Active Transport
Homeostasis definition
Maintaining a stable constant internal environment
Parameters of internal environment ×4
Blood glucose level
Water content
Body Temperature
Gas content
Insulin usage
Stimulate liver cell - convert Excess Glucise to glycogen
Stimulate body cells - take in more glucose
Glucagon
Stimulates liver cell - converts glycogen to glucose
Blood glucose Regulation
Both cases
Chemoreceptors in pancreas sense change
Negative feedback
Pancreas
More insulin Less glucagon - stimulate liver cells + body cells /
Less insulin More glucagon - stimulate liver cells
Decrease by converting and using/
Increase by converting
Produce too little or no insulin/
Body cells do not respond
Disease
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus cause
Pancreas produce too little or no insulin
Body cells do not respond to insulin
Paraneters for breathing
Process
pH of Blood -CO2 conc
pH of Cerebrospinal Fluid -CO2 conc
Chemical receptors
Carotic ?
Aortic ?
Medulla?
More CO2 - higher Rate and Depth of Breathing
Heart Beat Initiation
Pathway
Pacemaker generates electrical impulse
Atriums contracts
Atrial Ventricular Node Relays
Ventricles contracts
When SA node generates pulse
Name
Blood Flow
Valves
Systole
Atria to ventricles
Tricuspid open
Bicuspid open
Semilunar closed
When VA nose node relays
Name
Blood flow
Valves
Systole
Ventricles to Aorta or Pulmonary Artery
Tricuspid close
Bicuspid close
Semilunar opens
After Contraction
Name
Blood Flow
Valves
Diastole
Vena Cava/ pulmonary vein to atrium
Tricuspid open
Bicuspid open
Semilunar close
Cardiac output equation
Stroke Volume × Rate
