Repiration Photosynthesis

Question 1

Mitochondria Structure

Answer 1

Double membrane
Inner membrane - highly folded with enzyme
Mitochondrial matrix - enzyme

Question 2

Aerobic respiration 3 steps

Answer 2

1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cyble
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 3

Glycolysis

Answer 3

Glucose -> 2 Triose Phosphate -> 2 Pyruvate

-2ATP
+4ATL + 2 NADH

Cytoplasm
No O2 needed

Question 4

Bridging between Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

Answer 4

Pyruvate + Coenzyme A -> Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA travels to Krebs Cycle
CoA(carrier) regenerated

+CO2 +NADH

Question 5

Krebs Cycle

Answer 5

4C + Acetyl CoA -> 6C -> 4C

-CoA regenerates
+CO2×2 + 3NADH + FADH + ATP

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 6

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 6

Oxidation:
NADH -> NAD + H+ + e-
FADH -> FAD + H+ + e-

e- to redox
NADH forms 3 ATP
FADH forms 2 ATP

H+ e- bonds with O2
H2O

Question 7

Number of ATP from Respiration

Answer 7

38

Question 8

Importance of oxygen in respiration

Answer 8

Final electron acceptor
Regenerate FAD NAD
If not, all beyond glycolysis stops

Question 9

Types of Anaerobic respiration ×2

Answer 9

1. Alcoholic Fermentation

2. Lactic acid fermentation

Question 10

Alcoholic respiration
By what
Equation

Answer 10

Yeast

Glucose -> Pyruvate ×2 -> Ethanol (2-C) ×2 + CO2 ×2 + 2ATP

Question 11

Lactic Acid Fermentation
By What
Equation

Answer 11

Muscle cells during strenous exercise

Glucose -> Pyruvate ×2 -> Lactic Acid (3-C) ×2 +2ATP

Question 12

Oxygen debt
What is
Importance

Answer 12

Taking in extra O2 after strenuous exercise
Break lactic acid from fermentation
To CO2 + H2O / Glycogen

Question 13

Application of Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast

Answer 13

Brewing beer + wine
Raising dough
Ethanol as biofuel

Question 14

Application of Lactic Acid Fermentation in Bacteria

Answer 14

Cheese + Yoghurt (lactic acid coagulates milk)

Question 15

Aerobic Anaerobic comparison
Similarities ×3
Differences ×4

Answer 15

Similarities:
Oxidative breakdown
Produce ATP
Reactions by enzymes

Difference
Oxygen                  No Oxygen
Cyto. Mito.            Only cyto
More ATP              Less ATP
Complete              Not Complete break down

Question 16

Respiration Photosynthesis Comparison
Similarities ×3
Differences ×3

Answer 16

Similarities:
Activation Step
Electron Transport
ATP

Differences:
In cells In chloroplasts
Catabolism Anabolism
Chem E to ATP + heat Light E to Chem E

Question 17

Chloroplast Structure

Answer 17

Double membrane

Stroma - Fluid with starch grains +enzymes
Thylakoid - Disc like, chlorophyll ON the membrane
Grana - A stack of thylakoid

Granum interconnected - efficient tranport

Question 18

Testing for Photosynthesis occurence

Answer 18

Starch - Iodine

Oxygen - Glowing Splint

Question 19

Requirement for Photosynthesis

Test

Answer 19

Chlorophyll -Variegated leaves (white not purple)
CO2 - KOH removes CO2
Light - Aluminium foil

Testing for starch - remove starch first - dark for 24 hours
Destarching

Question 20

Photosynthesis process ×2

Answer 20

1. Photochemical Reaction

2. Carbon Fixation: Calvin Cycle

Question 21

Photochemical reactions ×3

Answer 21

1. Light Absorption
   e- excited, Electron Tranport Chain, release energy

Energy -> 2. Photophophorylation
3. Photolysis

2. Photophosphorylation
   Light Energy - ADP+P -> ATP
3. Photolysis
   H2O -> Hydrogen + Oxygen

Hydrogen - NADP -> NADPH
Oxygen - side product

Question 22

Calvin Cycle

Answer 22

In Stroma

CO2 + 5-C -> 3-C ×2

3-C ×2 -> Triose phosphate (3-C) (reduction) (Use ATP NADP, regenerated)

Triose phosphate ×2 = Glucose
Some regenerate to 5-C (Use ATP)

Question 23

Equation Photosynthesis Overall

Answer 23

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 24

Factors affecting rate of Photosynthesis ×2

Answer 24

Light intensity
CO2 conc.

Saturation point - Levels off - limit by other factors

Light intensity at saturation pt. is Optimum Light Intensity

Question 25

Regulate photosynthesis farmers

Answer 25

Greenhouse - +productivity and quality

Question 26

Photosynthetic Product

Answer 26

Carbohydrates: Starch - insoluble - does not affect water potential Broken down to sucrose for transport - inactive + soluble Lipids: Cell membrane Energy reserve for some plants Proteins: Growth and repair Enzyme Cell membrane Proteins

Question 27

``` Eardrum Earbone Oval window Round window Semi circular canal Eustachian tube Usage ```

Answer 27

Eardrum converts waves to vibration Earbones amplifies vibrations Oval windows passes vibration to inner ears Round window releases fluid pressure Semi circular canal detect direction of head movements - balance Eustachian tube equalize pressure of middle ear

Question 28

Process of hearing

Answer 28

``` Pinna collects sound waves Pass auditary canal Eardrum converts Earbones amplify Oval window vibrates Perilymph vibrates Endolymph vibrates Sensory hair cells bent Nerve impulse from auditory nerves to brain Round windoe bulge out - release fluid pressure ```

Question 29

Why use coleoptile for tropism

Answer 29

Fast grow rate Easily observed responce Small and easy to handle -grow in large amount

Question 30

Auxin | What

Answer 30

``` Plant hormone Produce by tip Passes down to shaded side Region of elongation Stimulate growth ```