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Beatles Flashcards

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1
Q

What genres do they draw on?

A

rock and roll
blues
folk

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2
Q

what album was revolver?

A

7

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3
Q

Was this a new phase?

A

yes

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4
Q

When was revolver released and what singles are in it?

A

August 5th, 1966
yellow submarine
eleanor rigby

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5
Q

How many weeks was revolver in the charts?

A

34

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6
Q

How does revolver differ from previous albums?

A

more studio- based

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7
Q

What experimental production aspects are included?

A 
automatic double-tracking
variable tape speeds
tape-loops
playing recorded sounds backwards
dubbed sound effects
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8
Q

Why is the album notable?

A 
classical performance forces e.g string quartet
Indian influences 
Avoidance of traditional structures
Presence of  'psychedelic' elements
wide range of subjects
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9
Q

Who produced the album?

A

George Martin

recorded/mixed by Geoff Emerick

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10
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) describe the string quartet

A

string group drawing on eight individual performers

doubled string quartet

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11
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) what is the structure?

A

strophic

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12
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) describe the overall structure

A 
intro
verse and refrain
bridge
verse and refrain
coda
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13
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) how many lines does each verse consist of?

A

Two five-bar lines

Sometimes with a loose rhyme-scheme

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14
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) What’s the tonality and what’s striking about it?

A

Em

striking modal inflections

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15
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) what’s striking about the melody?

A

modal ambiguity

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16
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) what’s the melody composed of?

A

repeated rising and falling melody

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17
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) what implied Lydian mode?

A

Fsharp

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18
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) name four interesting things about the vocal line

A

mode is Dorian bu the final bar is Aeolian (Cnatural)
final bar tragic descent highlights the names of characters
descending sequences and syncopation
final bar of the verse highlights the situation/message e.g ‘who is it for?’

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19
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) How does the refrain highlight despair?

A

only involves the first, third, fourth and fifth notes of the scale
upwards octave leap followed by a rapid descent to tonic
second phrase leap of minor 10th then closing on mediant

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20
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) How many chords is the song built on?

A

two

Em and C

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21
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) describe the overall harmonic rhythm

A

slow

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22
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) How do chords function in the introduction

A

alternate every two bars starting on C major

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23
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) Describe the harmony of the verse

A

opens with Em for three bars followed by two bars of C

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24
Q

(Eleanor Rigby) what is the refrain built on?

A

Em with sustained E in cellos and a chromatic counter-melody in violas featuring Db

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25
(Eleanor Rigby) what contributes to the pessimism?
relentless, closed-in harmonic scheme
26
(Eleanor Rigby) what is the tempo?
fast quadruple
27
(Eleanor Rigby) Is the tempo maintained throughout?
yes apart from an unmarked rit at close
28
(Eleanor Rigby) What is the song built on?
insistent repeated crotchets enlivened by quavers
29
(Eleanor Rigby) What appears in the cellos in refrains?
sustained notes
30
(Eleanor Rigby) Where does syncopation occur?
vocal part
31
(Eleanor Rigby) who wrote the string arrangement and how is it reminiscent of psycho?
George Martin | aggressively staccato with mechanical-sounding figurations
32
(Eleanor Rigby) How were the strings recorded?
Non-vibrato | microphones close
33
(Eleanor Rigby) describe the texture
homophonic | repeated staccato chords frequently off-set by sustained notes
34
(Eleanor Rigby) what variations in texture is there?
doubling | contrapuntal
35
(Everywhere) describe the sonority
``` sung by McCartney with automatic double-tracking lead guitar bass guitar acoustic guitar drums vocals ```
36
(Everywhere) What is the texture?
Mel-dom-hom
37
(Everywhere) What does the guitar alternate between?
block and broken chords
38
(Everywhere) What form is the piece?
binary with an intro and coda
39
(Everywhere) Describe the vocal line
syllabic
40
(Everywhere) What does the intro outline?
broken triads | closing on the dominant
41
(Everywhere) Is there parallel movement?
yes
42
(Everywhere) Is the harmony regularly phrased?
yes | 2+2+1+1+1+1
43
(Everywhere) how is the melody counterphrased against the background?
1+2+2+3
44
(Everywhere) what is the melody characterised by?
``` wide range (9th) free movement between monotone passages, conjunct movement and leaps ```
45
(Everywhere) name four harmonic/melodic features
appoggiatura dissonance false relation harmonic sequence
46
(Everywhere) What is the key?
Gm
47
(Everywhere) describe the coda
Rising line with plagal cadence to close
48
(Everywhere) what's the tempo?
Moderate | 84cpm
49
(Everywhere) is there rubato?
Yes - intro before the steady pulse is established
50
(Everywhere) what's the metre?
4/4 with one bar of 7/8
51
(Everywhere) How does the word setting have a conversational quality?
flexible rhyme schemes carries over the starts of beats scotch snaps syncopation
52
(I want) What does the song express?
avalanche of thoughts that are so hard to transmit
53
(I want) How is the sense of frustration evident?
dissonant harmony
54
(I want) list the instruments
``` Harrisons double tracked vocals lead guitar bass guitar piano drum kit tambourine maracas handclaps ```
55
(I want) describe the harmonisation
three-part vocal harmonisation | Lennon and McCartney supporting Harrison
56
(I want) what is the texture?
melody-dominated-homophony
57
(I want) what's the key?
A major
58
(I want) what is the song built on?
limited amount of material | fades in with guitar riff in which dominant 7th is prominent
59
(I want) How do the chords alternate?
between I and IV
60
(I want) How is desperation conveyed?
fragmentary nature of melodic setting | dislocated phrases of varying lengths
61
(I want) how do the vocal ranges vary?
lead = major 7th | harmonising voices rise higher at the end of each statement
62
(I want) How does the harmony hint at the difficulty of transmitting thoughts?
Its limited number of chords Acciaccaturas Jolting effect of sudden shift to the B7 Jarringly dissonant Em 9th chord
63
(I want) When does the vocal line become more narrow?
Bridge | more monotone
64
(I want) When is melisma used?
Coda
65
(I want) Describe the tempo?
124cpm | brisk quadruple time
66
(I want) what's present in the guitar riff?
jazz quavers | triplet crotchets
67
(I want) what propels the music into the next verse?
triplet quavers
68
(I want) What's typical of verses?
insistent crotchets on piano | vocals heavily syncopated
69
(Tomorrow) What's the song based on?
Psychedelic Experience | manual based on the Tibetan book of the dead
70
(Tomorrow) How does the unique sound quality develop?
complex studio engineering
71
(Tomorrow) What studio engineering's used?
Automatic double-tracking on Lenins voice Closing verse distorted using a revolving Leslie speaker Tape-loops
72
(Tomorrow) What is the closing distorted voice meant to sound like?
Tibietan monks
73
(Tomorrow) How many many loops are used?
16
74
(Tomorrow) How are tape loops used?
'seagull' effect orchestral chord of Bb major Electric guitar phrased reversed and played at double speed Sitar-like sound, reversed and played at double speed
75
(Tomorrow) What is solo voice supported by?
Drone C along with a bass guitar riff
76
(Tomorrow) What hints at Eastern meditation?
Sitar and Tambura
77
(Tomorrow) What produces polyphony?
web of tape loops
78
(Tomorrow) What is the key?
C with prominent flattened 7th hinting at Mixolydian mode
79
(Tomorrow) What's the structure?
strophic
80
(Tomorrow) Describe the overall structure
``` Faded-in intro 3 verses instrumental four verses coda outro ```
81
(Tomorrow) What do the opening chords outline?
tonic broken chord of C
82
(Tomorrow) How do the two last phrases move?
from the fifth degree up to the flattened 7th then the tonic
83
(Tomorrow) What's wider and more random in range?
melodic material of the tape loop
84
(Tomorrow) describe the overall tempo
vocal part is moderate and contrasts with feverish activity in other parts
85
(Tomorrow) Name four rhythmic devices
syncopation triplet crotchets triplet quavers in guitar solo loop dotted rhythms and scotch snaps in guitar solo loop
86
(Here There And Everywhere) What are the key chords in the intro?
G, B, Bb, Am, D7
87
(Here There And Everywhere) What are the key chords in A?
G, Am, Bm, C
88
(Here There And Everywhere) What are the key chords in B?
I, VI, II, III/V7, I
89
(I Want To Tell You) What chord is common?
A7
90
Other examples of a musique concrete
Pierre Schaeffer, invented it, Etude auxcheming de ter 1948' - train sounds Radio head 'paranoid android' - tack piano
91
Bride over troubled water
``` Simon and Garfunkel Ballad verse-chorus repetitive interesting harmony e.g dim plus sus 4 chord Eb major syncopated tonic pedal syllabic word painting vietnam ```
92
Waterloo sunset
``` Kinks 1967 four-peace beat combo (typical band) Homophonic with some layering heterphonic when the bass plays a simple melody an octave below AABA E major Diatonic and functional harmony Conjunct and repetitive with the main hook using a 5 note cell - Csharp, B, E, Csharp, B 4 bar rhythm and medium tempo drum fills ```
93
Don't look back in anger
``` Oasis Guitar-based line-up Piano simple root position quaver chords High tessitura syllabic double-tracking mel-dom'hom variety from guitar licks verse-chorus narrow rsnge of a 6th pentatonic blues notes continuous quavers syncopation ```
94
A day in the life context
1967 album sergeant beatles concept album about loneliness
95
A day in the life sonority
``` four track technology panning overdubbing mel-dom-hom orchestral section ```
96
A day in the life structure
modified structure
97
A day in the life tonality
``` G major focus on submediant (E major) No use of dominant (D) circle of fifths Atonal section ```
98
A day in the life harmony
I-III-VI7-IV plagal cadence descending bass line spans a minor 7th fifths
99
A day in the life melody
diatonic pentatonic disjunct repetition
100
A day in the life rhythm
``` 4/4 mostly crotchets and quavers few syncopations triplets sextuplet semiquavers ```
101
You can get it if you really want it
``` Desmond Dekker and the Aces close harmony backing trumpets homophonic homorhythm Db major - no mmodulations three diatonic primary chords of Db major main hook = 3 pitch figure which dominates the song strong quadruple rhythm ```
102
Beatles context
Beatlemania 1966 three months at EMI with producer George Martin and sound engineer Geoff Emerick multi-tracking Indian influences, psychedelia and musique concrete

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