Beryl

Question 1

From the venae cavae, blood enters the ________, where blackflow is prevented by the t_____ valve; then the _____, where backflow is prevented by the p_____ valve; then the _______, where backflow is prevented by the m_____, or b_____ valve; and lastly the ______, where backflow is prevented by the a______ valve.

Answer 1

From the venae cavae, blood enters the right atrium, where backflow is prevented by the tricuspid valve; then the right ventricle, where backflow is prevented by the pulmonary valve; then the left atrium, where backflow is prevented by the mitral, or bicuspid valve; and lastly the left ventricle, where backflow is prevented by the aortic valve.

Question 2

The site of impulse initiation is the s______ node. It then travels to the a______ node, the b______, or A_____ bundle, and its branches, and finally the P_______.

Answer 2

The site of impulse initiation is the sinoatrial node. It then travels to the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His, or AV bundle, and its branches, and finally the Purkinje fibers.

Question 3

Arteries carry blood ______ the heart. They have relatively _____ walls, and contain ______ smooth muscle. They ______ contain valves. Capillaries carry blood from a______ to v_______. The thickness of their walls is ________. They _______ have smooth muscle, and ______ contain valves. Veins carry blood _______ the heart. They have relatively ____ walls. They contain _______ smooth muscle and ____ contain valves.

Answer 3

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have relatively thick walls, and contain a lot of smooth muscle. They do not contain valves. Capillaries carry blood from arterioles to venules. The thickness of their walls is one cell. They do not have smooth muscle, and do not contain valves. Veins carry blood toward the heart. They have relatively thin walls. They contain a little smooth muscle and do contain valves.

Question 4

Capillaries carry blood from a______ to v_______. The thickness of their walls is ________. They _______ have smooth muscle, and ______ contain valves.

Answer 4

Capillaries carry blood from arterioles to venules. The thickness of their walls is one cell. They do not have smooth muscle, and do not contain valves.

Question 5

Veins carry blood _______ the heart. They have relatively ____ walls. They contain _______ smooth muscle and ____ contain valves.

Answer 5

Veins carry blood toward the heart. They have relatively thin walls. They contain a little smooth muscle and do contain valves.

Question 6

The right side of the heart pumps blood into a _____ resistance circuit

Answer 6

lower

Question 7

If all autonomic innervation to the heart were lost, the heart would ______ beating.

Answer 7

continue

Question 8

Plasma is an a_____ mixture of n____, s_____, r_____, h_____, and b_____ (c_____, i_____, etc.).

Answer 8

Plasma is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gasses, and blood proteins (clotting proteins, immunoglobulins, etc.).

Question 9

A B+ person could receive blood from a ,,_, or _ person. A B+ person could donate blood to a ___ or ___ person.

Answer 9

A B+ person could receive blood from a B+, B-, O+, or O- person. A B+ person could donate blood to a B+ or AB+ person.

Question 10

Hematocrit measures the percentage of a blood sample occupied by ______. It is measured in ______.

Answer 10

Hematocrit measures the percentage of a blood sample occupied by red blood cells. it is measured in percentage points.

Question 11

The type of leukocytes involved in specific immune defense are called ________.

Answer 11

lymphocytes

Question 12

platelets are c______ that are given off by m________ in the b________.

Answer 12

cell fragments, megakaryocytes, bone marrow

Question 13

Only l______ contain nuclei. ______ and p_____ do not.

Answer 13

leukocytes
erythrocytes
platelets

Question 14

Opening up more capillary beds, which are in _______, will decrease the overall _______ of the circuit. The _____ will therefore _______ to maintain constant blood pressure. This could tire the heart, leading to _____ or ______. This is shown by the formula P ___ = _____ x ____.

Answer 14

parallel
resistance
cardiac output
increase
heart attack or precipitous droop in BP
P differential across circulation = CO x TPR

Question 15

The bicarbonate buffer system is ____ (g) + _____ (l) ___ (aq) ___(aq) + _____(aq). The combining of _____ and _____ is catalyzed by __________.

Answer 15

CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq). The combining of CO2 and water is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.

Question 16

The amount of oxygen delivery can be seen as a _____ in the ______ on the ________ curve. For example, the blood is ____% sat while in the lungs (at ______ mmHg O2) and only 80% sat while in the tissues (at _____ mmHg), meaning ______% has been released to tissues.

Answer 16

drop, y-axis, oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. 100%. 100. 40. 20%.

Question 17

A right shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve can be caused by increased ____, _____, t_______, 2,______ or decreased ___. A left shift can be caused by decreased _____, ______, _______, ______, increased _____, or in f________.

Answer 17

A right shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve can be caused by increased pCO2, H+, temperature, 2,3-BP, or decreased pH. A left shift can be caused by decreased pCO2, H+, temperature, 2,3-BP, increased pH, or in fetal Hg.

Question 18

CO = ____ x ____ volume

Answer 18

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 19

The coagulation cascade is started by exposure of the subendothelial compounds c_____ and t______. The clot is stabilized by f_____.

Answer 19

collagen and tissue factor. fibrin.

Question 20

The ventricles are separated from vasculature by the s___l___ valves, the ____ and _____.

Answer 20

semilunar, pulmonary, aortic

Question 21

The atria are separated by the ventricles by the ___ valves.

Answer 21

AV

Question 22

During systole, the ____ valves are closed for _______ to occur.

Answer 22

AV, ventricular contraction

Question 23

During diastole, the heart is______ and the ______ are closed.

Answer 23

relaxed, semilunar

Question 24

in the hepatic portal system blood travels from the capillary beds of the ____ to those of the ____

Answer 24

gut, liver

Question 25

in the hypophyseal portal system, blood travels from the _________ to the ________

Answer 25

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

Question 26

in the renal portal system, blood travels from the g______ to the v___r______ through an _______ arteriole.

Answer 26

glomerulus, vasa recta, efferent

Question 27

platelets are also called t_____cytes

Answer 27

thrombocytes

Question 28

ANP is released in response to ______ BP

Answer 28

high

Question 29

S_____g forces consist of _______ pressure and _____ pressure. The latter is a “s______” pressure.

Answer 29

starling forces, hydrostatic, oncotic, sucking

Question 30

Fibrin, which stabilizes the clot, is activated by _______.

Answer 30

thrombin

Question 31

Clots are broken down by p____n

Answer 31

plasmin

Question 32

The endpoint of the coagulation cascade is the activation of pro_____ to form t____, which stabilizes _____.

Answer 32

prothrombin to form thrombin, fibrin

Question 33

Coagulation results from an activation cascade. When the ___________ of a blood vessel is damaged, the ______ and ________ underlying the _____________ are exposed. This results in the coagulation cascade, ultimately resulting in the formation of a _______ over the damaged area. ________ bind to the _______ and are stabilized by ____________, which is activated by _______. Clots are broken down by _______.

Answer 33

endothelial lining, collagen and tissue factor
endothelial cells
clot
Platelets bind to the collagen and are stabilized by fibrin, thrombin.
plasmin