Influences on behavior

Question 1

Acetylcholine is used by the ____ limb of the __ NS (moving muscles) and the _____. It is used in the CNS for ___.

Answer 1

efferent, somatic
parasympathetic
arousal/attention

Question 2

Acetylcholine is used by the parasymp NS, but also a small portion of the symp (innervating _____, and in _____).

Answer 2

sweat glands

ganglia

Question 3

The role played by acetylcholine in the CNS is ____ and _____. Loss of cholinergic receptors connecting with the ________ is associated with Alzheimer’s.

Answer 3

attention and arousal

hypothalamus

Question 4

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are three closely related NTs known as ______.

Answer 4

catecholamines

Question 5

Due to the structural similarities of epi, norepi, dopamine, they are classified as ___amines, or ___ amines

Answer 5

mono-

biogenic

Question 6

The most important thing to know about the catecholamines is that they all play an important role in the experience of _____

Answer 6

emotions

Question 7

Epi adn norepi are involved in controlling ____ and ____

Answer 7

alertness and wakefulness

Question 8

The primary NTs of the symp NS are ____ and _____.

Answer 8

epi/norepi

Question 9

Whereas _______ more commonly acts at a local level as a NT, ______ is more often secreted from the adrenal medulla to act systemically as a hormone.

Answer 9

norepinephrine is the NT, epi more often the hormone

Question 10

Low levels of norepi are assoc with ____

Answer 10

depression

Question 11

high levels of norepi are assoc with

Answer 11

anxiety and mania

Question 12

______ is a catecholamine that plays an important role in posture

Answer 12

dopamine

Question 13

High levels of _______ are found in the _____ ganglia, which help smooth movements and maintain postural stability.

Answer 13

dopamine, basal

Question 14

The ______ hypothesis of schizophrenia argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation assoc with schizophrenia arise from either too much _____ or from an oversensitivity thereof.

Answer 14

dopamine

Question 15

Parkinson’s disease is assoc with a loss of _____ergic neurons in the basal ganglia.

Answer 15

dopanergic

Question 16

Along with catecholamines, _____ is classified as a monoamine or biogenic amine NT.

Answer 16

serotonin

Question 17

______ is generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming

Answer 17

serotonin

Question 18

like _____, ____onin is thought to play a role in depression and mania

Answer 18

norepi, seratonin

Question 19

the NT ________ produces inhibitory post-syn potential and is thought to play an important role in stabilzing neural activity in the brain. causes hyperpol at postsyn membrane

Answer 19

GABA (gama-aminobutyric acid)

Question 20

Glycine serves as an inhibitory NT in the _________ by increasing ______ influx. This hyperpolarizes the postsyn membrane.

Answer 20

CNS, chloride

Question 21

Glutamate is a ____ory NT in the ____ nervous system.

Answer 21

an excitatory

central

Question 22

Neuropeptides are also called _______

Answer 22

neuromodulators

Question 23

_______, involving a more complicated chain of events, are relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than ________

Answer 23

neuromodulaters

neurotransmitters

Question 24

The most important neuropeptides/neuromodulators to know are the ______ and their relatives _____, which are natural painkillers.

Answer 24

endorphines

enkephalins

Question 25

acetylcholine: ________ control, ________ system, ___ and ____

Answer 25

voluntary muscle control
parasympathetic
attention and alertness

Question 26

epi/norepi: _______ responses, ____ness, _____ness

Answer 26

fight or flight
wakefulness
alertness

Question 27

dopamine: _______ movements, ______ stability

Answer 27

smooth, postural

Question 28

serotonin: ____/_____/_____/_____

Answer 28

mood/sleep/eating/dreaming

Question 29

GABA and glycine: brain “________”

Answer 29

stabilization

Question 30

glutamate: brain ______ation

Answer 30

excitation

Question 31

endorphins are natural ____

Answer 31

pain killers

Question 32

the hypothalamus links the _____ and _____ systems, and regulates the ________ function of the _______ gland

Answer 32

nervous, endocrine

hormonal, pituitary

Question 33

The hypothal and pituitary gland are spatially close to each other, and control is maintained through ______ release of hormones into the ______ that directly connects the two

Answer 33

paracrine, hypophyseal portal system

Question 34

Adrenal ______ secretes ____ and ____ine as part of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 34

medulla

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 35

The adrenal _____ secretes the ______oids, including c_____, a stress hormone.

Answer 35

cortex, corticosteroids, cortisol

Question 36

The adrenal cortex also produces ______ and ______

Answer 36

testosterone, estrogen

Question 37

Twin studies compare___. It is based on the somewhat questionable assumption that they will share ______

Answer 37

concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

same environment

Question 38

family studies are based on the assumption that

Answer 38

relatives share more similar genetic material