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Flashcards in Ruby Deck (32)
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1
Q

Innate immunity consists of defenses that are _______ active against pathogens, but incapable of _________.

A

always active, targeting specific invaders

2
Q

B-cells develop in the _________, but are activated in ______ or _____. Their major function is produce ______. They are part of the s_______, h_________ immune system.

A

bone barrow
activated in spleen or lymph nodes
antibodies
specific, humoral

3
Q

T-cells develop in the _______, and mature in the ______. Their main functions are to ________ the immune system and directly __________. They are part of the s ______, c_______ immune system.

A

bone marrow
thymus
coordinate, kill infected cells
specific, cell-mediated

4
Q

Granulocytes include n_______, e_________, and b_______. Agranulocytes include l__________ (____________) and m__________(m__________).

A

Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes (B and T-cells) and monocytes (macrophages).

5
Q

Skin proves a ________ barrier and secretes _______, such as d_______s. L_____e is an enzyme present in tears and saliva. S______ _____d is an antimicrobial mechanism in the digestive system. The normal g______ f________ provides c_____, making it hard for pathogenic bacteria to grow in the gut.

A

physical, antimicrobial enzymes, defensins
lysozyme
stomach acid
gut flora, competition

6
Q

C_____t is a set of proteins in the blood that can create h_____s in bacteria.

A

Complement

holes

7
Q

Professional antigen-presenting cells include m________s, d_____c c___s in the s____n, some ___ cells, and certain activated e________l cells.

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, skin, B-cells, epithelial

8
Q

MHC-I is found in all n______d cells and presents e_______s antigens, which are created ______ the cell. This is good for detection of cells with i________r pathogens, such as v_____s.

A
nucleated
endogenous
within
intracellular
viruses
9
Q

MHC-II is found in only a______n p______g cells and presents proteins that result from digestion of e______s antigens.

A

antigen presenting

exogenous

10
Q

Natural killer cells are activated by cells that do not present _______, such as v______y i________d cells and c______r cells.

A

MHC
virally infected
cancer

11
Q

Neutrophils are activated by b_____a, especially those that have been o__________d (t_____d with a______y).

A

bacteria
opsonized
tagged
antibody

12
Q

Eosinophils are activated by i_____e p_______s and a_____s.

A

invasive
pathogens
allergens

13
Q

Basophils and m____t cells are activated by a____s.

A

mast

allergens

14
Q

P___a cells form from b___s exposed to antigen and p_____e a________s. M_____y b_____s are also produced.

A

plasma
B-cells
produce antibodies
Memory B-cells

15
Q

Helper T-cells c_______e the i_____e s_______m through l______s. They respond to antigen presented on M____ class___.

A

coordinate
immune system
lymphokines
MHC-II

16
Q

Respond to MHC-II

A

CD4+ (Helper T)

17
Q

_____ T-cells directly kill infected cells and respond to MHC class ____

A

cytotoxic (CD8+)

MHC-I

18
Q

S____r t____s or r______y t_____s quell the ______ after a pathogen ________, and promote s____ t_____.

A
Supressor T-cells
regulatory T-cell
immune response
has been cleared
self-tolerance
19
Q

Circulating Ab can mark a pathogen for destruction by p_____c cells (o_____n), cause a________n of the pathogen in insoluble complexes that can be taken up by p_______c cells, or n________e the pathogen by preventing its ability to i_____e tissue.

A
phagocytic
opsonization
agglutination
phagocytic
neutralize
invade
20
Q

B-cells originally mature in bone marrow and, at this point, have some s________y. However, antibodies that can respond to a given antigen undergo h__________n. Those B-cells with the highest affinity survive and proliferate, i__________ over time.

A

specificity
hypermutation
increasing affinity for the antigen

21
Q

Positive selection occurs when ____cells in the ____s that can respond to antigen presented on MHC survive (those that do not will undergo apoptosis). Negative selection occurs when ____ cells that respond to ________ undergo apoptosis before leaving the ___s.

A
T-
thymus
T-
self-antigen
thymus
22
Q

Active immunity refers to

A

inducing body to make Ab

23
Q

Passive immunity does not involve

A

stimulation of plasma cells

24
Q

The structure primarily responsible for returning materials from lymphatic circulation to the cardiovascular system is the t_____ _____t, which returns lymphatic fluid to the ____.

A

thoracic duct

left subclavian

25
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue include t___ and a____.

A

tonsils, adenoids

26
Q

I______s are given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells.

A

Interferons

27
Q

Mast cells are fond in the s__n

A

skin

28
Q

Humoral immunity is centered on a______y production by p___a cells, which are activated __-cells.

A

antibody, plasma, B-cells

29
Q

Memory B-cells wait for a second exposure and mount the s______y response.

A

secondary

30
Q

Cell-mediated or c_____c immunity is centered on the function of __-cells.

A

cytotoxic. T-cells.

31
Q

Macrophages ingest pathogens and present them on MHC. They also secrete c_____s.

A

cytokines

32
Q

Helper T-cells activate various arms of the immune system by secreting l_____s. Th1 secrete i_____n g___a, which activates m_______s. Th2 activate __- cells, primarily in p______c infections.

A

lymphokines, interferon gamma, macrophages
B
parasitic