RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A
- SUPPLY the body with O2 and DISPOSE of CO2
- MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE of the body
2
Q
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A
- SENSING ODORS
- SPEECH PRODUCTION
- STRAINING (cough, childbirth)
3
Q
4 RESPIRATORY EVENTS
Respiratory + ______
A
CVS
- BREATHING
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION
- TRANSPORT OF GASES
4
Q
RESPIRATORY EVENTS.
entry and exit of air into and out of the lungs
A
- BREATHING
5
Q
RESPIRATORY EVENTS.
gas exchange (O₂ and CO₂) between AIR and BLOOD
A
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
6
Q
RESPIRATORY EVENTS.
gas exchange between BLOOD and TISSUE FLUID
A
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION
7
Q
RESPIRATORY EVENTS.
to and from lungs and tissues
A
- TRANSPORT OF GASES
8
Q
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY.
TWO DIVISIONS
A
CONDUCTING ZONE (UPPER AIRWAYS)
RESPIRATORY ZONE (LOWER AIRWAYS)
9
Q
CONDUCTING ZONE (UPPER AIRWAYS)
- Provides a _______ for incoming and outgoing air
-______ debris, dusts, pathogens
-______ and HUMIDIFIES incoming air - Structures: _____ to _____
A
ROUTE
FILTERS
WARMS
NOSE TO TRACHEA
10
Q
Site of gas exchange
A
RESPIRATORY ZONE (LOWER AIRWAYS)
11
Q
RESPIRATORY ZONE (LOWER AIRWAYS)
Structures: _____ to _____
A
BRONCHI TO LUNGS
12
Q
CONDUCTING ZONES STRUCTURES
A
NOSE
PHARYNX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHIAL TREE
13
Q
BONES AND CARTILAGES OF THE NOSE
A
FRONTAL BONE
NASAL BONE
MAXILLARY BONE
SEPTAL CARTILAGE
MAJOR ALAR CARTILAGE
SEPTAL CARTILAGE
14
Q
_______.
- Provides an _____
- Moistens, warms, filters air
- Houses OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
A
NOSE
AIRWAY
15
Q
SECTIONS OF THE NOSE
A
- EXTERNAL NOSE
- NASAL CAVITY
16
Q
SKELETAL FRAMEWORK of the nose
A
EXTERNAL NOSE
17
Q
- NASAL + FRONTAL bones superiorly
- MAXILLARY bones laterally,
- FLEXIBLE PLATES of cartilage inferiorly
A
EXTERNAL NOSE (SKELETAL FRAMEWORK)
18
Q
- Opening: NARES or NOSTRILS
- Divided by nasal SEPTUM
A
NASAL CAVITY
19
Q
PARTS OF NASAL CAVITY
A
- Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
- Meatuses
- Sinuses (frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal)
20
Q
NASAL CAVITY IS Lined by _______ ______ ______ ______ → produce mucus and lysosome enzymes
A
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
21
Q
4 TONSILS
A
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL
TUBAL TOSIL
PALATINE TONSIL
LINGUAL TONSIL
22
Q
Tube formed by skeletal muscles, lined by MUCOUS MEMBRANE
A
PHARYNX
23
Q
SECTIONS OF PHARYNX
A
NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX
24
Q
SECTIONS OF PHARYNX.
air only, PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED epithelium
A
NASOPHARYNX
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SECTIONS OF PHARYNX.
middle part, air and food, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelium
OROPHARYNX
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SECTIONS OF PHARYNX.
lower part, air and food, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelium
LARYNGOPHARYNX
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_______.
- Connects pharynx to trachea
- Regulates _____ ______, _______ (voice production)
LARYNX
- AIR VOLUME
PHONATION
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CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX
3 unpaired (Major Structure): THYROID, CRICOID, EPIGLOTTIS
3 paired: ARYTENOIDS, CORNICULATES, CUNEIFORMS
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- Continuation of larynx to lungs
- Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
TRACHEA
30
TRACHEA.
____-___ _______ ______ ______ _____ provides support and PREVENT its COLLPASE
- Contains ______ _____ (TRACHEALIS muscle + ELASTIC CONNECTIVE tissue) for expansion during inhalation and exhalation
16-20 C-SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGE RINGS
FIBROELASTIC MEMBRANE
31
Passageway of AIR INTO LUNGS
______ → _____ bronchi → ______ → _______ bronchi (bronchial tree) → ________
BRONCHIAL TREE
TRACHEA → PRIMARY bronchi → LUNGS → BRANCHED bronchi (bronchial tree) → BRONCHIOLES
32
RESPIRATORY ZONE
1. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
2. ALVEOLAR DUCTS
3. ALVEOLI
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RESPIRATORY ZONE
Starts at ______ bronchioles → _______ bronchioles (smallest bronchiole) → _____ _____ → _____ _____
Starts at TERMINAL bronchioles → RESPIRATORY bronchioles (smallest bronchiole) → ALVEOLAR DUCT → alveolar SACS
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smallest bronchiole
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
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SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
ALVEOLI
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FORMED BY ALVEOLI
ALVEOLAR SACS
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Completely lined by alveoli
ALVEOLAR DUCT
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Contains scattered alveoli in walls
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
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Alveolar Wall Cells:
TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS
TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
TYPE III ALVEOLAR CELLS
40
Alveolar Wall Cells.
squamous epithelium
TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS
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Alveolar Wall Cells.
secrete pulmonary surfactant
TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS
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Alveolar Wall Cells.
phagocytic
TYPE III ALVEOLAR CELLS
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- Contains structures of both the CONDUCTING and RESPIRATORY zones
- Pyramid-shaped, paired organs
- Connected to TRACHEA via lLEFT & RIGHT BRONCHI
LUNGS
44
MAIN FUNCTION OF THE LUNGS
EXCHANGE OF O2 AND CO2
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shorter, WIDER, 3 lobes
RIGHT LUNG
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2 lobes + cardiac notch
LEFT LUNG
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indentation on the left surface; it allows space for the heart
CARDIAC NOTCH
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THE LUNGS ARE ENCLOSED BY _____
PLEURAE
49
LOBES separated by ______
FISSURES
50
TYPE OF LOBES
SUPERIOR
MIDDLE
INFERIOR
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TYPE OF FISSURES
HORIZONTAL & OBLIQUE
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divisions of lobes
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
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Subdivisions of segments
PULMONARY LOBULES
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separates lobules
INTERLOBULAR SEPTUM
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Blood Supply: _____ ____
PULMONARY ARTERY
56
Innervation (Nerve supply):
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System
57
Parasympathetic (Rest-and-digest system):
EFFECT: ______
MAIN NERVE:_____
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION
VAGUS NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE X)
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Sympathetic (Fight-or-flight system):
EFFECT: ______
MAIN NERVE:_____
BRONCHODILATION
T2-T5 GANGLIA
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Autonomic Nervous System
Coughing & gas regulation (O₂ and CO₂):
60
This is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs:
PLEURA
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TYPES OR PLEURA
VISCERAL
PARIETAL
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lines thoracic wall
PARIETAL PLEURA
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covers lungs
VISCERAL PLEURA
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PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
Driven by _____ _____ between the atmosphere and the lungs
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
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PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
1. Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
2. Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) / Intrapulmonary pressure
3. Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
66
amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air in the body
1. Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
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- pressure within the alveoli
2. Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) / Intrapulmonary pressure
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pressure within the pleural cavity
3. Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
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760 mm Hg (0mm Hg)
2. Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) / Intrapulmonary pressure
70
756 mm Hg (-4mm Hg)
3. Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
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760-756 mm Hg = 4mm Hg
TRANSPULMONARY PRESSURE
72
PRESSURE is INVERSELY proportional to VOLUME at CONSTANT TEMP
if volume increases, pressure decreases
BOYLE'S LAW
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Difference in pressures drives ____ _____
pulmonary ventilation
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Air flows from an area of HIGHER pressure → LOWER pressure
Patm > Palv and Palv> Pip
Inhalation: Patm > Palv and Palv> Pip
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AIRFLOW.
Palv > Patm
Exhalation
76
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
TWO PHASES
1. INSPIRATION
2. EXPIRATION
77
INSPIRATION.
- DIAPHRAGM and EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS _____
- THORACIC CAVITY size & Intra-alveolar VOLUME _____
- ↓ Palv _____ Patm
- Air moves _____ the lungs
CONTRACT
INCREASES
<
IN
78
EXPIRATION.
- DIAPHRAGM and EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS _____
- THORACIC CAVITY size & Intra-alveolar VOLUME _____
- ↑ Palv _____ Patm
- Air moves _____ the lungs
RELAX
DECREASES
>
OUT
79
Forced Breathing
HYPERPNEA
80
- ACTIVE MUSCLE involvement
- BOTH inspiration & expiration occur
- CONTRACTION of diaphragm and intercostal muscles, other accessory muscles also contract.
FORCED BREATHING ( HYPERPNEA )
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FORCED BREATHING = BOTH inspiration & expiration occur
due to ______ ______.
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
82
Forced INSPIRATION: accessory muscle of _______:
NECK
scalene,
SCM (Sternocleidomastoid),
serratus,
pectoralis
83
Forced EXPIRATION: accessory muscle of_______:
ABDOMEN
external oblique,
internal oblique,
rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis
internal intercostals
84
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
(T.I.E.R.)
- TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
- INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)
- EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)
- RESIDUAL VOLUME
85
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
(T.V.I.F.)
- TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC)
- VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
- INPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC)
- FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC)
86
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES.
- amount of air that NORMALLY enters the lungs during QUIET BREATHING
~500 ml during quiet breathing
- TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
87
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES.
- amount of air that can be FORCIBLY INHALE during a forced inspiration
- INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)
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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES.
- amount of air that can FORCIBLY EXHALE beyond a normal TV
~1200 ml
- EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)
89
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES.
– AIR LEFT after forced expiration
- RESIDUAL VOLUME
90
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES.
– sum of all volumes
- IRV + TV + ERV + RV
- TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC)
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RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES.
– total exchangeable air
- IRV + TV + ERV
- VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
92
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES.
- the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal tidal expiration
- INPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC)
93
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES.
- the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
- ERV + RV
- FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC)
94
3 Dead Spaces
(A.A.T.):
ANATOMICAL
ALVEOLAR
TOTAL
95
Dead Space.
– in airways, no gas exchange
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
96
Dead Space.
– in alveoli that don’t function
ALVEOLAR DEAD SPACE
97
Dead Space.
– sum of both
TOTAL DEAD SPACE
98
is the total number of breaths (respiratory cycle) in one minute
Respiratory rate
99
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
🧠 1. Neural Control (Brain Control)
MEDULLA
PONS
100
sets the BASIC RHYTHM of breathing through the self-exciting inspiratory center as well as other respiratory centers
MEDULLA
101
2 MAIN GROUPS OF MEDULLA
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
102
– constant rhythm, stimulates diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, inspiration
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
103
– forced breathing, accessory muscles, inspiration & expiration
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
104
- it SMOOTH OUT the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by the medulla
PONS
105
2 CENTERS OF PONS
APNEUSTIC
PNEUMOTAXIC
106
– promotes deep breathing
APNEUSTIC center
107
– inhibits DRG, allowing relaxation & controls rate
PNEUMOTAXIC center
108
What happens when CO₂ levels increase in the blood?
It STIMULATE the RESPIRATORY CENTERS to increase breathing.
109
What is the most important stimulus for breathing in healthy individuals?
CO2 LEVEL in the BLOOD
110
Q: Where are central chemoreceptors located?
brain and brainstem.
111
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
carotid and aortic bodies.
112
2 Chemoreceptors:
CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL
113
What do chemoreceptors respond to?
CO₂ levels and H⁺ ion concentration.
114
What triggers peripheral chemoreceptors to signal the brain to breathe more?
When blood oxygen levels drop below 60 mmHg.
115
What brain regions influence respiration based on emotions, pain, or temperature?
HYPOTHALAMUS and LIMBIC SYSTEM.
116
What are the EFFECTORS in respiratory control which control the diaphragm and external intercostals?
PHRENIC & INTERCOSTAL RESPIRATORY NERVE
117
GAS EXCHANGE: SITES
LUNGS
TISSUES
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GAS EXCHANGE: MECHANISMS
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
119
GAS EXCHANGE: ASPECTS
VENTILATION
PERFUSION
120
Where does external respiration occur?
In the LUNGS, specifically at the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
121
What happens during external respiration?
O₂ enters the blood and CO₂ exits into the ALVEOLI.
122
How does gas exchange occur between alveoli and pulmonary blood?
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
123
Where does internal respiration occur?
In the TISSUES, between the BLOOD and TISSUE CELLS.
124
What happens during internal respiration?
O₂ leaves the blood and enters the tissues; CO₂ enters the blood.
125
How is CO₂ transported in the blood?
CO₂ is converted to bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) by the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and transported in PLASMA.
126
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
VENTILATION
127
The flow of blood through the PULMONARY CAPILLARY.
PERFUSION
