Bio Ch 4 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What three things are true regarding Cell theory?,
A
All cells come from preexisting cells, all living organisms are made of cells that are the basic unit of organization in an organism, life is passed on from parent to offspring
2
Q
How can you tell the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell,
A
The presence/absence of a rigid cell wall and whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
3
Q
What do all cells have,
A
DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell membrane
4
Q
Most bacteriera 10-100x ____ than most plant/animal cells,
A
smaller
5
Q
t/f The nucleus and mitochondria of an eukaryotic cell is about the same size of a single bacterium,
A
TRUE
6
Q
The cells of an ant and an elephant are about the same size; an elephant just has more of them. What is the main advantage of small cell size?,
A
small cells can better take up nutrients and oxygen because of their small volume
7
Q
t/f A ribosome would fit inside of a bacterial cell,
A
TRUE
8
Q
How large is a bacterial cell,
A
5 µm
9
Q
How large is a mitocondria,
A
2 µm
10
Q
How large is a human egg cell,
A
100µm
11
Q
How large is a red blood cell,
A
10 µm
12
Q
The ______ (hyrophilic/phoic) heads of the phospholipids face outward, and are in contact with the aqueous solution of the cytoplasm or extracellular fluid,
A
Hydrophilic
13
Q
The phospholipid’s _____ (Hydrophilic/phobic) tails face inward to shield the nonpolar portion of the membrane from H2O,
A
Hydrophobic
14
Q
Put the items in the correct order starting with the outermost. pili, nucleoid, capsule, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall,
A
Pili, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleiod
15
Q
Choose a function of pili found on the surface of bacteria cells,
A
attachment to a surface or another bacterium
16
Q
Where in the cell is a bacterium’s genetic material found?,
A
Nucleoid region
17
Q
Just like prokaryotic cells, a eukaryotic cell has a cell (plasma) membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?,
A
membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and larger size
18
Q
what 4 kingdoms are in domain eukarya,
A
Plantae, animalia, fungi, and protista
19
Q
What kind of cell would have many ribosomes? A muscle or an ovary,
A
Muscle
20
Q
What does the fact the DNA is surrounded by a double phospholipid bilayer tell you about the role/importance of DNA in the cell?,
A
That the movement of substances into the nucleus is highly regulated
21
Q
How do products from the Golgi apparatus get to their destinations within the cell, or secreted from the cell?,
A
Vesicle
22
Q
The amount of ER varies from cell to cell. If a cell had a large amount of rough ER, what products would you expect it to make in abundance?,
A
Protein based products
23
Q
What is the purpose of the membrane that surrounds the lysosome?,
A
keeps the digestive enzymes inside the lysosome to protect the cell
24
Q
Would you expect the inside of a lysosome to be acidic or basic?,
A
acidic
25
What is the product of the breakdown fo H2O2 by catalase,
Water and oxygen
26
What is the common name for H2O2,
Hydrogen peroxide
27
Do only animal cells contain mitochondria?,
no
28
The mitochondrion is often called the "powerhouse of the cell" because it produces ATP. Explain why the cristae are so highly folded, and how it contributes to making the organelle the "powerhouse.",
To increase surface area to allow for ATP production
29
T/FOnly plant cells contain chloroplasts.
TRUE
30
Why is it important for substances to be moved about inside of the cell by the cytoskeleton, instead of just allowing the substances to float to their destinations? (3),
It is important that substances reach their final destinations.
The cytoskeleton allows for substances to move in a direct and organized manner.
The cytoskeleton ensures that substances reach the proper organelle.
31
Match:,a cell with a lot of lysosomes,
b. a cell with a lot of mitochondria
c. a cell with a lot of rough ER
d. a cell with a lot of smooth ER
1. pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes
2. ovarian cell that produces steroid hormones
3. muscle cell in the leg of a marathon runner
4. white blood cell that engulfs bacteria
1=c
2=d3=b
4=a
32
what does the Golgi apparatus do
the sorting of lipids and proteins for various cellular functions
33
What is the receiving end of the golgi apparatus called,
Cis face
34
T/F The cells that line our respiratory tract, and one-celled organisms like paramecium, both have short hair-like projections called flagella.,
FALSE (pilia)
35
T/F
There are two "faces" or sides of the Golgi apparatus. One side receives vesicles from the ER, and the other side sends vesicles to other parts of the cell.,
TRUE
36
Can mitochondria and chloroplast reproduce independently from the division of the cell?,
yes
37
The latin term 'cellulae' from which the term cells is derived translates into,
little rooms
38
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?,
Nucleus
39
Where is DNA found in Prokaryotic cells?,
nucleoid region
40
What do peroxisomes break down?,
H2O2
41
Is chloroplast in bacteria,
no
42
What does cytosol do,
fluid that bathes structures located in the cell
43
where is the stroma,
in the chloroplast.
44
what 3 filaments compose the cytoskeleton,
Actin, intermediate, and microtubules
45
Are cells surrounded by a plasma membrane,
yes
46
Why are membranes important in eukariotic cells,
they partition the cell into compartments
47
Are microtubules a main component of cilia and flagella,
Yes
48
Microtubules are used to guide _______ movement during cell division,
chromosome
49
Do Eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm,
yes
50
What is the discharging end of the Golgi called,
trans face
51
In the introduction of chapter four in the textbook, which of the following scientists used a crude microscope to examine a piece of cork?,
robert hooke
52
T/F? Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules compose the cytoskeleton.,
TRUE
53
T/F? Prokaryotic cells are, on average, about the same size as eukaryotic cells.,
FALSE
54
Where is the stroma?
Chloroplast
55
T/F? The Golgi apparatus is associated with the sorting of lipids and proteins for various cellular functions.,
TRUE
56
T/F? Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.,
TRUE
57
T/F? Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes.,
FALSE
58
T/F? Prokaryotic cells can be categorized based on their different cell walls.,
TRUE
59
Are bacteria and algae prokaryotic cells?,
No.
60
Do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have the same structure to their ribosomes?,
No.
61
Are lysosomes produced by the endomembrane system?,
Yes.
62
Do eukaryotic cells have organelles bound by cytoplasm?,
yes.
63
What is cytosol?,
The fluid that bathes the the structures that are located in the cell.
64
T/F? Large membranous storage sacs, vacuoles, are more prevalent in plant cells than in animal cells.,
TRUE
65
Do peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide?,
Yes.
66
T/F? All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.,
FALSE
67
What does cell theory suggest
that a plant and animal tissue are composed of individual cells
68
what are the 3 basic points of the cell theory
1. life doesnt come from non-living 2. all organisims are made of cells 3. life is passed from parent to offspring
69
What 4 structures are in all cells
dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane
70
what domains are Prokaryotic cells in
bacteria and archaria
71
Are bacteria smaller or larger than eukaryotic cells
10-100 times smaller
72
what do ribosomes do
protein synthesis
73
what do bacteria cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
74
what 2 things make up peptidoglycan
protein and carbohydrates
75
What do fimbriae do
help bacteria stick to surfaces
76
Do fimbriae help bacteria move
no
77
do bacteria have a nucleus
no
78
how many chromosomes do bacteria have
1
79
Are prokaryotic cells membrane bound
no
80
What kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin
fungi
81
what type of organic molecule is cellulose
polysaccharide
82
Is the head of phospholipids hydrophilic or phobic polar or nonpolar
polar, philic
83
is the tail of the phospholipid hydrophilic or phobic, polar or nonpolar
nonpolar, phobic
84
Name 4 organic molecules that make up most of the plasma membrane
phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins
85
Which of the following would most likely pass through the membrane easily: a polar amino acid, a nonpolar amino acid, glucose, ions, a lipid-based hormone, a protein-based hormone, water
nonpolar amino acid, lipid-based hormone
86
DNA is _____ to RNA, RNA is _____ to protein
transcribed, translated
87
Do small, nonpolar compounds need transport proteins
no
88
Do small, polar compounds need transport proteins
yes
89
What are transport proteins
proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane
90
Is the nucleous membrane bound
yes
91
what is the double phospholipid bilayer around the nucleous called? what are the protein canes embedded in it called
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
92
What macromolecule is stored in the nucleus
DNA
93
What is the purpose of the nuclear pores
regulate movement in and out of the cell
94
Does DNA ever leave the nucleous
no
95
What is an example of a multinuclear cell in the animal body
skelital muscle
96
What is an example of a anuclear cell in the animal body
red blood cell
97
When the cell is not dividing, the DNA and its histone proteins are called______ and are in a non-condensed form
Chromatin
98
When the cell is preparing th divide, the DNA and its histone proteins are condensed and are _____
Chromasome
99
Is the nucleolous membrane bound
no, it is found in the nucleous
100
What is stored/made in the nucleolus
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other parts of teh ribosomes
101
Where does the protein go after the rough ER
Golgi
102
Is the ribosome membrane bound
no
103
What is the function of the smooth ER (SER)
Make lipids, detox, make carbs
104
Where are free ribosomes found
cytoplasm
105
where are fixed (bound) ribosomes found
attached to the ER or Nuclear envelope
106
What is made by the smooth ER
lipids
107
what is stored within the smooth ER
Ca2+
108
What is made in the rough ER
proteins that allow specific compounds into our out of the cell through the membrane
109
Where do proteins made by the rough ER go
out of the cell
110
What makes the rough ER rough
ribosomes
111
if a cell has alot of rough ER, whould would it have an abundence of
proteins
112
The liver detoxifies harmful substances for the body, would it have more rER or sER
smooth
113
Cells in hormone-producing glands of animals have very large amounts of smooth ER, why
it makes lipids (steriods)
114
What is the path of bound proteins (8 steps)
Nucleous, nuclear pore, rER, trasport vesicle, Golgi, secretory vescile, PM, Exocytosis
115
is the Golgi membrane bound
yes
116
What is types of molecules are altered and packages in the Golgi
protein
117
What kind of modifications are made by the golgi
adding a carb as a tag
118
How are products transported to the Golgi from the ER
transport vesicles
119
Are lysosomes membrane bound
yes
120
What do lysosomes primarily do
contain digestive enzymes that primarily degrade or destroy compounds delivered to tem
121
What type of mcaromolecule is a digestive enzyme
protein
122
Is the enzymes in the lysosome acidic or basic
acidic
123
Why do cells in the immune system usualy have a large amount of lysosomes
they can destroy cells and cause phaocytosis
124
Why does Peroxisomes make H2O2
to detoxify harmful substances
125
What do the catalase in peroxisomes do
break down H2O2 to water and oxygen since H2O2 is harmful to the cell
126
are peroxisomes membrane bound
yes
127
Animal cells have ____ vacuoles that form via ______. Plant cells contain ______ vacuole used for _______
food, phagocytosis. a central, storage
128
Are vacuoles membrane bound
yes
129
What is stored in the central vacuole of a plant
Water, chemical nutrience, toxic waster
130
Why do plant cells need a central vacuole but animals don't
maintain pressure which provides structure/ridgitiy
131
how many phospholipid layers do mitochondrion have
2
132
what is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called? what is its structure
crista, highly folded
133
the mitochondrion of the cell produces energy in the form of___
atp
134
Why does chloroplast appear green
chlorophyll
135
What is the cytoskeleton
a fibrous network of proteins that crisscorss through the cytoplasm
136
What does the cytoskeleton do
gives the cell its shape and anchors organelles
137
What is a vesicle
sacs of membrane that transport products throughout the cell, may move by being ppulled along protein fibers by motor proteins that "walk" along fibers
138
What are microfiaments responsible for
movement
139
What areintermediate filaments responsible ofr
shape
140
What are microtubules responsible for
tracks for transportation
141
The centrosome contains a pair of _______ and is called the "___________________"
centrioles, microtubule-organizing center
142
What is the main function of the centrosome
act as an anchor point and give an axis of direction
143
How many centrosomes can be found in a nondividing cell? how many centrioles
1, 2
144
What is the role of the centrosome in a dividing cell
organize microtubles and facilitating division
145
What ar ethe three main types of cell extentions and their function
cilla (wave-like movement), Flagella (propel w/ whip-like motion), Microvilli (Increase surface area for absorption, secretion, adhesion)
146
What makes up cilia, flagella, microvilli
microtubules
147
Are cell extentions membranous or non
nonmembranous
148
Where can cilia be found
lungs
149
Do all cells have cell extensions
nonmembranous
150
Order in which protein could be made and exported out of the cell via endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
151
What four components are found in every cell type?
DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane
152
What is cytoplasm?
Thick solution that is enclosed by the membrane. Organelles sit in the cytoplasm.
153
Compare and contrast cells from each kingdom of domain eukarya.
Animalia: We have regular vacuole.
Plantae: Have a cell wall, central vacuole
Fungi: Have chitin.
Protista: ?
154
Describe the structure of a PROKARYOTIC cell.
It has a nucleoid region that stores DNA (chromosomes). It has little ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It has a membrane, cell wall, and then capsule. Flagellum for movement. Fimbrae on the outside that are spiky. For adhesion.
155
Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer that encircles the cell, keeping all the organelles inside. It has proteins embedded in or ones that pass through to help carry in/out molecules.
156
Other than phospholipids, what other molecules may be found in the membrane?
Cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
157
Describe the importance of the nucleus. What is unique about its structure?
The nucleus has a double phospholipid bilayer. which makes it unique. Inside is the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes. On the outside are the nuclear pores, which allow things in and out of the nucleus.
158
How can bacteria function without a nucleus
it has a nucleiod region which holds the DNA
159
What is the difference between free and fixed ribosomes?
Free: They are free in the cell, and they produce proteins for functions within the cell.
Fixed: These are bound to the rough ER, which is what makes it rough. They produce proteins that go outside of the cell.
160
What is the structure and function of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, rER, transport vesicles, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
161
What would happen to a cell if its mitochondria weren't able to function?
It wouldn't be able to produce energy.
162
Explain the process that occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Compare and contrast them
Mitochondria is cellular respiration, which occurs in the inner membrane of the crista.
Chloroplast is photosynthesis.
Both of these produce energy.
163
Describe the structure of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion
Mitochondria: it has 2 phospholipid bilayers. The inner membrane is highly folded, and called the crista. The track that ribosomes travel is called the matrix.
Chloroplast: They have an inner and outer membrane. Inside, the fluid is called the stroma. A single plate shaped thing is a thykaloid, and a stack is a granum.
164
What is the imporance of the cytoskeletons of the cell. What are the structures that make it up?
It gives the cell shape and anchors organelles in place. The three structures are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
165
Nucleus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It holds the genetic code for creating proteins you need.
166
Nucleolus: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: It is inside the nucleus and it makes the ribosomes/proteins.
167
Ribosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: Their main function is to synthesize/make proteins.
168
sER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It stores calcium ions in muscle cells and produces lipids, sex hormones, oils, and detoxifies chemicals. It also breaks down glycogen when you need energy
169
rER: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: It produces, modefies, inspects, and dispatches proteins used by the rest of the cell.
170
Golgi: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: It recieves products made by the ER. It then further modifies, packages, and ships the products to their final destination.
171
Lysosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: They come from the golgi and they contain digestive enzymes and are involved in degrading or destroying compounds delivered to them.
172
Peroxisome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane Bound: They break down fatty acids. During the process of detoxifying, they produce H2O2 and use catalase to break it into H2O and O2.
173
Vacuole: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: In an animal cell, they are food vacuoles that store nutrients. In a plant cell, the central vacuole that is also used for storage, as well as structure.
174
Mitochondrion: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: They are the site for cellular respiration. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
175
Chloroplast: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Membrane bound: Photosynthetic organelles in plant cells
176
Cytoskeleton: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: For structure and anchoring organelles in the cytoplasm.
177
Centrosome: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They organize the microtubules in the cell that act as anchor points for organelles.
178
Cilia: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They remove debris and carry particles away from the lungs.
179
Flagella: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They help the cells move.
180
Microvilli: Membrane bound or nonmembrane bound? function?
Nonmembrane bound: They increase surface area for absorbtion, secretion, adhesion, and mechotransduction.
