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Lab Summary Qu- Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of interphase?,

A

high metabolic rate

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2
Q

What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of prophase

A

centrioles seperate to pole

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3
Q

What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of metaphase

A

align on metaphase plate

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4
Q

What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of anaphase

A

elongation begins

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5
Q

What are the distingushing characteristic(s) of telophase

A

envelope + nucleious begin to reform

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6
Q

During which phases is the nuclear envelope observed

A

telophase and interphase

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7
Q

During which phases are DNA copies observed

A

interphase

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8
Q

During which phase is a mitotic spindle observed

A

prophase

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9
Q

during which phase are there visible chromosomes

A

prophase

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10
Q

During which phases are centrioles observed

A

prohase/metaphase

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11
Q

During which phase is a cleavage furrow visible

A

telophase

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12
Q

when does cytokinesis begin

A

anaphase

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13
Q

how many centrosomes are present in metaphase

A

2

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14
Q

How many chromosomes are in each step of mitosis

A

Inter: 46
Pro: 46
Meta: 46
Ana: 92
Telo: 92
Daugthers: 46

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15
Q

what phase has the longest duration and how did you determine it

A

interphase, the most amount of cells are in this phase

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16
Q

Which phase has the shortest duration and explain how you determine this? why is this the shortest

A

Metaphase, least amt of cells in phase, not alot of things required

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17
Q

Name 3 types of animal body cells that do not divide

A

Neurons, RBC, and heart

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18
Q

3 reasons cells undergo mitosis

A

growth/Development, replcate cells, asexual reproduciton

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19
Q

Explain why colchicine is used when creating a karyotype

A

posions mitotic spindle

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20
Q

Name the human condition that happens when there is an extra chromosome. how many chromosomes will the zygote have.

A

Trisomy 21, Downs, 47 chrom

21
Q

What is the outcome of nondisjunction for one pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Whill an moral gametes result?

A

All would be abnormal, 3,3,1,1

22
Q

What is the outcome of nondisjunction for one pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis II. Whill an moral gametes result?

A

Half would be normal, half would be abnormal, 2,2,3,1

23
Q

Explain wy having too many or too few normal genes might create a disorder?

A

disrupts normal cellular processes, leading to various genetic disorders

24
Q

The strawberry cell has seven octoploid chromosomes per cell. how many chroms does it have per cell

25
Describe the sequence of steps used in DNA extraction to extract and isolate DNA fro strawberry cells
Mix and strain solution and then add soap, rest, then add tenderizer, rest, add alcohol, rest, swab DNA
26
The cell wall of plant cells is tough and must be disrupted during the DNA isolation procedure. How did we disrupt it?
Blender
27
How does detergent facilitate the extraction of DNA from eukaryotic cells
it disrupts the lipid bilayer of the nulcear membrane
28
Nucleic acids form a solid precipiate wen place into cold alcohol. Desrcribe how this property of nucleic acids can be used in the extraction of DNA/RNA
it allows it to rise to the top so it is easily accessible
29
What is the complementary mRNA stand to the DNA Strand ACCTGTACGTGCA
UGGACAUGCACGU
30
What are anticodons
Anticodons are the first three amino acids on a tRNA strand, or the opposite letters from the codon. Complementary to codon strand.
31
List the amino acid sequence specified by the DNA strand utilized in exercise 16
Val-gly-lle
32
List some general functions of proteins
Structure, enzymes, transport, and defense.
33
name the basic unit (monomer) of a protein
Amino acid
34
What is the number of different amino acids common to most living organism
20
35
What are some structural differences btw DNA and RNA
DNA is 2 strands, RNA is 1. DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is oxyribose. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.
36
were in the cell is mRNA transcribed in animal cells
mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus
37
Where in the cell does translation occur in plant cells
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm
38
Before incubating the samples, were there any visible changes to the contents of the tubes containing the DNA samples? What about after the restriction digest
No, there were no visible changes before. There was still no difference after adding the enzyme or the loading dye.
39
Is it possible to see the DNA fragments after incubation? how can you test that they are there?
no, you must inspect it under a UV light
40
the electrophoresis chamber creates an electrical field, with a positive and negative charge at either end of the gel. To which end of the gel would you expect DNA to migrate? WHy?
because it is negative charged, when an electric current it applied, you can expect DNA to migrate towards the postivie end
41
Which color electrical lead represents the positive pole? negitive?
Red is positive, blue is negative.
42
What do you think would happen if the electrical leads were plugged in the wrong way? (pos to neg)
Then there would be electric shocks
43
Which fragment (large or small)would travel the longest distance from the well? explain.
Smallest molecules because there is less friction between them and the gels as they travel.
44
What can you assume is within each band
DNA
45
What caused the DNA to become fragmented
The restriction enzymes that hydrolyze (cut) the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. The line represents the bonds that are broken by the enzyme.
46
Based on your analysis of the electrophoresis data, which 'suspect' is most likely tied to the crime scene
Suspect number 2, because the breaks are identical to the crime scene.
47
Other than in forensic analysis an paternity testing, what are 3 other applications of restriction digest or gell electrophoresis
Genetic disorder testing, organism identification, and virus comparison
48
What sequence did EcoRI cut the DNA at?
GAATTC
49
What sequence did PstI cut the DNA at?
CTGCAG

Su24 (20 decks)

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