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Lab Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cell division is more complex because of the presence of: (2)

A

nuclear membrane and chromatin structure

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3
Q

Mitosis allows eukaryotic organism:

A

replace cells and grow

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4
Q

Most of the life of a cell is spent in ___________

A

interphase (growing phase) and Mitosis (Dividing phase)

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5
Q

What are the 4 phases of interphase

A

G0: normal
G1: Rna and protein synthesis (For S phase)
S Phase; DNA replication
G2: Protein synthesis (for mitosis)

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6
Q

Why is it neccessary to duplicate the cells DNA? In which phase does this duplication occur

A

Duplicated so that each daugther cell has a set
Happens in S Phase of Interphase

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7
Q

Why must chromatin condense into chromosomes? In which phase does this occur?

A

Easier to split and manuver
In Prophase

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8
Q

Why does te nuclear membrane disappear during prophsae

A

Allows chromosomes to move through cell

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9
Q

What role do microtubules play in mitosis

A

They are attached in Metaphase and pull the chromatids to opposite poles in Anaphase

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10
Q

What difference do you see btw mitosis in a plant cell vs an animal cell

A

cell wall forms in telophase
Chromosomes are more spreadout in plant cells

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11
Q

Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the longest

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Based on the percetage of cells in each phase, which phase takes the shortest amount of time

A

metaphase

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13
Q

what are the kinetochore

A

where the spindles attach to the chromosomes

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14
Q

What is a homologous chromomes

A

Same chromosomes from each maternal-paternal pair that contain similar versions of the same genes

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15
Q

What is the genetic makeup, which gender does it affect, and general Characteristics :
Downs
Klinefelter
Jacobs
Metafemale
Turner

A

Downs: Extra 21, M/F, shorter stature and lifespan
Klinefelter: XXY, M, Sterile and brest enlargement
Jacobs: XYY, M, Agressive and tall
Metafemale: XXX, F, Normal, possible learning deficit
Turner: XO, F, Shorter, Web-neck

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16
Q

what is teh study of chromosomes, chromosomal abnormalities, and related diseases

A

Cytogenetics

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17
Q

What is a karyotype

A

an ordeed visual display of chromsomes from an individual somatic cells

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18
Q

What is the visualization of the condensed, stained chromosomes called

A

metaphase spread

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19
Q

Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric

A

Meta: middle of the chromosome
Submeta: Below the middle
Acrocentric: Above the middle

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20
Q

___________ Uses living organisms to make/modify specific products for industrial or manufacturing use

A

biotechnology

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21
Q

What does octoploid mean

A

they have 8 copies of each of their seven chromsosomes in every cell
(EX: Strawberries)

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22
Q

What are teh 3 steps to DNA Extraction

A

Homogenization
Deprotienization
Precipitation

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23
Q

Homogenization (2 points)

A

Releases DNA from the nucleus by breaking the cell membrane
Creates a slurry called Lysate

24
Q

What are teh 2 types of homogenizatoin

A

Mechanical (blender) and chemical (detergent)

25
Deproteinization (3 points)
digests the histone proteins done via protease in meat tenderizer Common proteases are found in pineapple, papain, and papaya
26
Precipitation
Clumps molecules together Done via salt that binds and shields the neg charges of the phosphate groups ice-cold alcohol is added so that the DNA precipitates the colder the less soluble the DNA
27
Order of ingredients in DNA Extraction lab
Strawberries, salt, water, (strain), soap, (sit), meat tenderizer, ice-cold alcohol
28
what tool is commonly used in lab settings to obtain very small volumes of certain liquids with accuracy and precision
micropipettes
29
What measurments do micropipettes use
microliter
30
Microtiter plate
the well plate you pipette into
31
DNA is made of a linear sequence of _______________________
4 nucleotide monomers
32
Each nucleotide is made of ______, _____, _______
sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
33
A covalent bond links nucleotide to nucleotide to form a ____________________
nucleic acid polymer
34
What occurs when a copy of each strand is synthesized in the nucleus
DNA replication
35
What unwinds the helix
DNA helicase
36
What adds new nucleotide to the 3' end of the molecule
DNA polymersase
37
Reads ____ to ____ Writes ____ to ____ How to know which end is which
Reads 3' to 5' Writes 5' to 3' 5 is the end with an extra sugar
38
info is transcribed from DNA template to ______ in the ____, through the enzyme _______
mRNA, nucleus, RNA polymerase
39
What is teh difference btw DNA and mRNA
mRNA is single-stranded and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores DNA is double-stranded and doesn't leave mRNA has Uricil in place of Thymine
40
Transcribed from _____ to _______ Translated from _____ to ______
Transcribed from DNA to mRNA Translated from mRNA to tRNA
41
mRNA leaves the nucleus and forms a complex with a ribosome to ______ the mRNA sequence into the ________ of a protein
translate amino acid sequence of a protein
42
_____ will bring individual amino acids as specifed by the mRNA sequence
tRNA
43
Thee sequential bases found in the tRNA are called an _______, complementary to the _____ on mRNA
Anticodon codon
44
Amino acids of adjacnect tRNA molecules are connected together by a ________ to form the growing _________-
peptide bond polypeptide
45
Transcribe: A T T C G A G G C A C G to mRNA and tRNA
og: A T T C G A G G C A C G M: U A A G C U C C G U G C T: A U U C G A G G C A C G
46
what color was each of the nitrogenous bases in exercise 16
G: Red T: Blue A: Green C: Black
47
What are restriction enzymes
enzymes that hydrolyze (cut) DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites Digest the DNA strands into smaller fragments
48
what is the labtest that identifies an individual by their DNA
DNA Fingerprinting
49
in DNA Fingerprinting, the differences are visulized using _______-
gel electrophoresis
50
What is gel electrophoresis
a lab technique that separates DNA strands by molecular weight electric current is used to cause DNA to migrate across gel since the backbone has a negitive charge
51
____ DNA fragments move faster than _____
Small travels faster than large
52
Which is done first: Electrophorisis or restriction digest
restriction digest
53
How much DNA sample, EcoRl/Pstl Enzyme mix is used in exercise 17
10 microliters each (20 total)
54
What temp were the samples incubated at
37 C
55
what must be added to the samples before they are placed on teh agrarose gel
Loading Dye
56
Who was the criminal in exercise 17
suspect 2

Su24 (20 decks)

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