BIO EXAM UNIT 3 Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are the 4 components of digestion?
Ingestion – taking in food
Digestion – breaking food down (physical & chemical)
Absorption – nutrients absorbed into bloodstream
Egestion – removal of waste
What are the 3 macromolecules and their breakdown?
Carbohydrates: Broken into simple sugars (glucose), digested in mouth and small intestine, enzymes involved are amylase (saliva/pancreas) and maltase.
Proteins: Broken into amino acids, digested in stomach and small intestine, enzymes involved are pepsin (stomach) and trypsin (pancreas).
Lipids (Fats): Broken into fatty acids + glycerol, digested in small intestine (duodenum), enzymes involved are lipase and bile (from liver/gallbladder).
What are the nutrient tests and their results?
Benedict’s Test: Sugars → orange/red
Biuret Test: Proteins → purple
Sudan Red / Brown Paper: Fats → red layer / greasy spot
Iodine Test: Starch → dark blue/black
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis = muscular contractions in digestive tract.
What are sphincters?
Sphincters control flow between sections (e.g., esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter).
How does digestion occur in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine?
Mouth: Physical (chewing), Chemical (salivary amylase).
Stomach: Physical (churning), Chemical (pepsin, acid).
Small Intestine: Duodenum (enzymes from pancreas/liver act here), Jejunum (main nutrient absorption), Ileum (absorbs remaining nutrients + vitamins).
What are the functions of the liver and gall bladder?
Liver: makes bile, detoxifies blood.
Gall Bladder: stores/releases bile.
What are some disorders related to the liver and gall bladder?
Gallstones: hardened bile blocks ducts.
Jaundice: bile buildup → yellow skin.
Cirrhosis: liver damage from alcohol/disease.
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and minerals; forms and stores feces.
What is the path of food through the digestive system?
Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine (duodenum → jejunum → ileum) → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.
What are two digestive disorders?
Celiac Disease – gluten damage villi; causes poor absorption, diarrhea.
Ulcers – stomach lining damage; caused by bacteria/stress, causes pain.
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste through blood.
What are the 3 blood proteins?
Albumin – maintains water balance.
Globulin – fights infection.
Fibrinogen – helps blood clot.
What are the 3 types of blood cells and their functions?
Red (RBCs): Carry oxygen with hemoglobin.
White (WBCs): Fight infection.
Platelets: Help blood clot.
What is phagocytosis?
WBCs engulf and digest harmful microbes.
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries: Thick, muscular walls; carry blood away from heart.
Veins: Thin walls, valves; carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries: Very thin walls (1 cell thick); exchange of gases/nutrients.
What is plaque and atherosclerosis?
Plaque = fat/cholesterol build-up in arteries; leads to atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries).
What is the path of a blood cell?
Body → Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body.
What is blood pressure?
Force of blood against vessel walls; measured with a sphygmomanometer.
What are changes in blood pressure?
Increases with stress, exercise; decreases with rest or blood loss.
What is vasodilation vs. vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation: blood vessels widen (lower BP); Vasoconstriction: vessels narrow (raise BP).
How is blood pressure regulated?
Controlled by brain, hormones, and nervous system.
What are some conditions related to blood pressure?
Hypertension: high blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis: stiff arteries.
Cardiac infarction: heart attack.
Stroke: brain blood supply blocked or burst.
What is high-altitude training?
Less oxygen in air → body makes more RBCs → improves endurance.
