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HEATHCARE FINAL EXAM Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Body Planes - Types and how they divide the body

A

Sagittal: Median (if midline) - Left and Right, medial and lateral
Frontal: Coronal - Front (Anterior) and Back (Posterior)
Transverse: Horizontal - Top (Superior) and Bottom (Inferior)

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2
Q

superior

A

-Up towards head
-Above
-Ex. head is superior to abdomen

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3
Q

inferior

A

-Down towards lower body
-Below
-Feet is inferior to chin

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4
Q

anterior/ventral

A

-Towards the front of the body
-In Front of something
-The sternum is anterior to the spine

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5
Q

posterior

A

-Towards the back of the body
-Behind something
-The heart is posterior to the sternum

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6
Q

medial

A

-Towards the middle or middle of the body
-On the inner side of something related to the middle
-Closer to the heart
-ex. heart is medial to the shoulder

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7
Q

lateral

A

-Away from the middle or midline
-Outside the body
-Further away from heart
-The arms are lateral to chest

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8
Q

proximal

A

-Used when talking about arms and legs
-Closest part to the attachment point on body
-The elbow is proximal to the wrist (its closer to the attachment point of arm to the body)

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9
Q

distal

A

-Used when talking about arms and legs
-Farthest part from attachment point to body
-The knee is distal to the hip

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10
Q

superficial

A

-Towards the surface or at the surface of body
-On or just below the skin
-Knife would was a superficial cut

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11
Q

deep

A

-Away from the body surface
-Underneath
-Gunshot is a deep injury

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12
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

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13
Q

opposition

A

movement that brings thumbs and fingers together

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14
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormally slow breathing

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15
Q

anantomy

A

the study of body structure

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16
Q

urology

A

the study of the urinary tracts and male reproductive system

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17
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar levels

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18
Q

gynecology

A

the study of the female reproductive system

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19
Q

anemia

A

lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin

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20
Q

hematoma

A

blood tumor or clot

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21
Q

cardiologist

A

heart specialist

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22
Q

Breakdown of the levels of organization of the body from most simple to most complex

A

-atoms
-molecules
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organisms

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23
Q

Normal range of Blood Glucose

A

Fasting and before meals:
Adults (not pregnant): 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L
Women with gestational diabetes: Less than 5.3 mmol/L
Children with Type 1: 4.0 to 8.0 mmol/L

2 hours after meals:
Adults: 5.0 to 10.0 mmol/L or 5.0 to 8.0 mmol/L if A1C targets not met
Women with gestational diabetes: Less than 6.7 mmol/L
Children with Type 1: 5.0 to 10.0 mmol/L

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24
Q

what homeostasis means

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

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25
Homeostasis –Stimulus, Receptor, Effectors, Control Center and Feedback, Homeostatic imbalance
-Stimulus: Change in the environment (e.g., rise in blood glucose). Receptor: Detects the stimulus (e.g., beta cells in the pancreas). -Control Center: Interprets the information and determines a response (e.g., pancreas decides to release insulin). -Effectors: Carry out the response (e.g., body cells absorb glucose). -Feedback: The response returns the system to its set point (e.g., lowering blood sugar levels). -Homeostatic imbalance: when the body cannot maintain stability (e.g. diabetes, imbalance of blood glucose regulation)
26
Diabetes
-A condition where the body cannot produce or properly use insulin, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). -The pancreas produces insulin from beta cells. -Insulin allows glucose to enter the cells for energy or storage. -In diabetes, this process is impaired, and glucose stays in the blood..
27
3ps of diabetes
-Polyuria – peeing frequently -Polydipsia – excessive thirst -Polyphagia – excessive hunger
28
Provided diabetic education to patients
-Explain what insulin is and how it helps lower blood glucose. -Discuss the importance of blood glucose monitoring (using glucometer, lancet, test strips). -Encourage lifestyle changes: weight loss, exercise, proper diet. -Stress importance of medication adherence and recognizing symptoms. -Inform about long-term risks like heart disease and nerve damage.
29
exogenous insulin
-Insulin that comes from outside the body (injected or pumped). -Used in Type 1 diabetes (and sometimes in Type 2 or gestational) because the body does not produce enough insulin
30
endogenous insulin
-Insulin that is naturally produced by the body’s pancreas (by beta cells). -In Type 2 diabetes, the body produces it but the cells resist its effects (insulin resistance).
31
Donning/doffing PPE
Donning PPE (Putting On – In Order): 1. Hand Hygiene 2. Gown – Tie at neck & waist 3. Mask/Respirator – Secure snugly 4. Goggles/Face Shield 5. Gloves – Cover gown cuffs Doffing PPE (Taking Off – In Order): 1. Gloves – Peel off safely 2. Gown – Remove by inside, roll & discard 3. Hand Hygiene 4. Goggles/Face Shield – Touch strap only 5. Mask – Touch ties only Hand Hygiene
32
cancer treatment surgery
-Used when cancer is encapsulated or hasn’t spread much. -Can be curative, palliative (to relieve symptoms), or for comfort. -Example: Used for cancers in the stomach, breasts, uterus, and prostate.
33
cancer treatment radiation therapy
-High-dose radiation damages cancer DNA so cells can’t divide. -Affects both cancer and healthy cells, but most healthy cells recover. -Used to treat, slow growth, or relieve symptoms. -Side effects: Fatigue, hair loss (localized), nausea, bone marrow suppression.
34
cancer treatment chemotherapy
=Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop their growth. -Often combined with other drugs. -Damages both cancer and healthy cells (temporary for healthy ones). -Side effects: Hair loss, mucositis, nausea, diarrhea, constipation.
35
TNM Grading - what does it mean
T (Tumor): Size and extent of the primary tumor T1 = small (<2cm), T4 = large or invasive N (Nodes): Spread to lymph nodes N0 = no spread, N1–N3 = increasing spread M (Metastasis): Spread to distant parts M0 = no metastasis, M1 = cancer has spread Grading refers to how much tumor cells differ from normal cells: Grade I (low): Well-differentiated, slow growing Grade IV (high): Anaplastic, poorly differentiated, grows/spreads quickly
36
abcde rule of moles
A – Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other B – Border: Uneven, ragged edges C – Color: More than one color in the mole D – Diameter: Larger than an eraser (about 6 mm) E – Evolving: Changes in size, shape, color, or feeling
37
HPV and Cervical Cancer
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a virus risk factor for cervical cancer. It’s one of the viruses that can act as a carcinogen, causing mutations in DNA. HPV is also linked to the development of other cancers and is preventable with a vaccine.
38
Henrietta Lacks – who was she known as and for what reason. Which principle was violated.
-Diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1951. -Cells were taken without her consent at Johns Hopkins Hospital. -Her cells (HeLa cells) were the first immortal human cell line. -Used in major medical breakthroughs (e.g., polio vaccine, IVF, cancer research). -Known as the woman behind HeLa cells. -The ethical principle violated: Informed Consent.
39
Informed Consent - what is it and makes it valid or not valid
Means a patient understands and agrees to a medical procedure or research. To be valid, it must include: -Information on risks, benefits, and alternatives -Voluntary agreement -Given by someone who is competent Henrietta Lacks’ case is an example of invalid consent, as tissue was taken without her knowledge or permission.
40
malignant
Cancerous; can spread and invade other tissues or organs (via metastasis)
41
begnign
Non-cancerous; can grow but does not spread; may crowd nearby tissues
42
staging
describes extent and spread of cancer in the body. Example: Stage 0 (early, localized) to Stage IV (metastasized to other organs).
43
grading
Describes how abnormal cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly they are likely to grow/spread.
44
metastasis
the spread of cancer from its original site to secondary locations in the body
45
Apocrine Glands - found where
Sweat glands - found in axillary and genital regions
46
largest organ in the body
the skin
47
The 2 types of Cyanosis
-Central Cyanosis – Due to a circulatory or ventilatory problem causing poor oxygenation in the lungs. Arterial oxygen saturation drops below 85–75%. -Peripheral Cyanosis – Caused by inadequate circulation, where extremities (like fingers) don’t receive oxygen-rich blood.
48
Skin Cells that determine color
Melanocytes, which produce melanin to determine skin color
49
kernicterus
The potential result of jaundice (especially in newborns) where bilirubin builds up in the brain and can cause brain damage
50
ambulation
moving or walking from place to place
51
friction
rubbing of surface on another
52
jaundice
yellowing of skin caused by buildup of bilirubin in blood
53
military time
Example of Military Time e.g. 2 pm is 14:00 in military time
54
Aortic Valve Location
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allowing blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body.
55
Body Systems involved in CPR
-Circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) -Respiratory system (lungs, airways) -These systems work together to restore oxygenated blood flow to the brain and vital organs during cardiac arrest.
56
List the 6 Vital Signs and how they inform treatment
Temperature (Normal: 36.5–37.5°C) -Detects fever/infection or hypothermia. Pulse (Normal: 60–100 BPM) -Monitors heart function, rate, and rhythm. Respiration (Normal: 12–20 RPM) -Evaluates breathing and oxygen exchange. Blood Pressure (Normal: ~120/80 mmHg) -Measures circulatory health and organ perfusion. Oxygen Saturation (Normal: 95–100%) -Indicates how well oxygen is being delivered to tissues. -Pain (Rated out of 10, subjective) Guides pain management and care planning
57
Normal Respirations in adults and blood pressure
Normal Respirations in adults (12-20 BPM) and blood pressure (120/80 mmHg)
58
Range Of Motion – Passive, Active, Assistive
-Active ROM: Patient performs exercises on their own. -Assisted ROM: Patient cannot perform exercises alone, but participates with help. -Passive ROM: Exercises are done completely by someone else; no assistance from the patient.
59
division of the skeleton
-Axial Skeleton: Forms the long axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax). Involved in protection, support, and carrying other body parts. -Appendicular Skeleton: Bones that support the limbs and connect to the axial skeleton (includes pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper and lower extremities).
60
Contractures as related to immobility
-Contractures occur when a joint becomes permanently fixed in a bent or straight position due to lack of movement. -ROM exercises help prevent contractures by maintaining joint flexibility and mobility
61
supine
lying flat on back - general exams
62
prone
lying on stomached - promotes drainage or during certain surgeries
63
lateral
lying on side - relieves pressure on sacrum
64
sim's position
halfway between lateral and prone - unconscious patients or comfort
65
fowlers position
Head of bed 45–60° – used for eating, visiting, or watching TV.
66
semi-fowler's
Head of bed 45°, knees raised 15° – prevents sliding.
67
trendelenburg
Head lowered, feet raised – used for abdominal/gynecological procedures (requires doctor’s order).
68
reverse Trendelenburg
Head raised, feet lowered – used post head/neck surgery (requires doctor’s order).

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