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Bio 12 > Bio Molecules > Flashcards

Bio Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are bio molecules

A

Chemical compounds found in living organisms

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2
Q

What atoms are common in bio molecules

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur

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3
Q

What is a single biomolecule unit called

A

A monomer

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4
Q

What is the term for many monomers joined together

A

A polymer

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5
Q

What process allows monomers to join

A

Dehydration synthesis

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6
Q

What process lets polymers split

A

Hydrolysis

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7
Q

What are the four types of bio molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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8
Q

What allows carbon to be the key element in bio molecules

A

It has the ability to form 4 covalent bonds

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9
Q

What are carbon chains

A

Long connections of carbon molecules that vary in length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings

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10
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that contain only C and H atoms, release list of energy when they undergo reactions

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11
Q

What are functional groups

A

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chem rxns

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Sugars and polymers of sugar; serves as a fuel and building material: usually end in ose

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13
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

One sugar molecule, the building block of carbohydrates. Typically a ring. Ex glucose

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14
Q

What is the ration of elements in carbohydrates

A

1 C 2 H 1 0

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15
Q

What are disaccarides

A

Two sugars, ex maltose, sucrose, lactose

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16
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers of hundred to thousands of linked monosaccharides. Can be linear or branched, shape affects fonction

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17
Q

What are two structural carbohydrates

A

Cellulose - unbranched molecule that is the main part of plant cell walls (oxygen linked he is alternating in sugars)
Chitin - similar to cellulose, has a nitrogen appendage. Main component in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

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18
Q

What are two example of carbohydrates for storage

A

Glycogen - many branched chains. Used to store energy in animal cells, found in liver and muscle cells
Starch - some branched chains, molecule used in energy storage in plant cells

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19
Q

What are modified carbs

A

Glycolipids or glycoproteins. Act like cell ID or finger prints for cell to cell interactions

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20
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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21
Q

What are the common themes of lipids

A

Hydrophobic
Non-polar
Covalent bonds

22
Q

What is unique of lipids

A

The only biomolecule that doesn’t have “true” monomers but have glycerol + fatty acids

23
Q

What are fats

A

Made of triglycerides (neutral fats)
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Have an ester linkage

24
Q

What are saturated fats

A

Have no double bonds between carbons and so are saturated with hydrogen
Animal fats

25
Q

What are unsaturated fats

A

Have at least one double bond between carbons
Plant fats

26
Q

What are steroids

A

Signalling molecules
4 fused rings
Ex cholesterol a precursor to other steroids like estrogen and testosterone

27
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Lipids with a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
Main component of cell membranes

28
Q

What does amphipathic mean

A

Molecule with a polar and non polar region

29
Q

What are the parts of a phospholipid

A

A polar end made of a phosphate group and glycerol
A non polar end of 2 fatty acids

30
Q

What are the three main types of protein

A

Structural - elastin, collagen, cartilage+bone
Movement in muscles - actin + myosin
Metabolic functions

31
Q

What are the different roles proteins play for metabolic functions

A

Enzymes - organic catalysts that speed up reactions
Antibodies - proteins of the immune system
Transport - hemoglobin transports 02 in blood, channels in cell membranes
Hormones - chemical signals produced in one part of the body that controls the activity in other parts

32
Q

What are amino acids

A

The monomers of proteins, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur

33
Q

What are the three parts of an amino acid

A

An amino/amine group -NH3
An acid group -COOH (carboxyl group)
R group: differs based on amino acid 20 r groups = 20 amino acids

34
Q

What joins amino acids

A

A peptide (polar covalent bond) via dehydration synthesis
Between one amino group and one acid group

35
Q

What is a dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond

36
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

A short chain of 3-20 amino acids joined together

37
Q

What are full proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids 75 or more long
Twisted and folded in a specific conformation
Described with 4 levels of organization

38
Q

What is the first level of protein organization

A

Primary structure 1
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Held together by covalent peptide bonds

39
Q

What is the second level of protein organization

A

Secondary structure 2

Polypeptides coil into an alpha helix or line up into beta pleated sheets

Created by H bonds between neighbouring NH and CO groups in neighbouring amino acids and peptide bonds

40
Q

What is the 3rd level of protein organization

A

Tertiary structure 3

The overall 3D structure assumed by the peptide chain

Secondary structure folds up due to -disulphides bonds between cystine amino acids
-h bonds between R groups
-hydrophobic interactions from non-polar Amino acids

3D globular shape

41
Q

What is the final level of protein organization

A

Quaternary structure 4

Arrangement of 2+ polypeptide chains in down proteins
Held together by H bonds, peptide bonds, disulphide bridges, and R group interactions. No new bonds

42
Q

What is denaturation

A

The loss of 3D structure of a protein, caused by a disruption to the bonding of its 3D structure, makes the protein non-function

43
Q

What 3 things can cause dénaturations

A

Changes in pH
High temperatures
Exposure to heavy metals like act Hg Pb etc

44
Q

What do nucleic acids do

A

Transmit hereditary information, control cellular activity, and determine what proteins a cell manufactures

45
Q

What are nucleotide, what do they consist of

A

Building blocks of proteins
Made of :
- a five carbon sugar: ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogenous base (single or double ringed)

46
Q

What nitrogenous bases are present in RNA and DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, and Cytosine, are present in both
DNA has thymine
RNA has uracil

47
Q

How do nucleotides typically join

A

The phosphate of one connects to the the sugar of another, while the bases go off the one end

48
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A major component in chromosomes
Found in the nucleus

49
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double strand of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

Backbone strands consisting of alternating sugar-phosphates, bases point inwards

Two strands held together by h bonds between bases
A-T
C-G

50
Q

What is RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

Used in protein synthesis
Can be found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Consists of a single strand of nucleotides
3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Uracil replaces thymine as base

51
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Specialized nucleotide
Energy carrier for cell
Consists of adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphates

Releases energy when last phosphate is removed

52
Q

What is a double ring base, single ring base, called

A

Purine = double ring = A + G
Pyrimidine = single ring = C + T + U

Bio 12 (9 decks)

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