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Bio 12 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic chains

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What monomers make DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the three parts of nucleotide

A
  • phosphate group PO4
  • 5 carbon (Pentose) sugar either deoxyribose or ribose
  • nitrogenous base
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4
Q

What are the 5 bases and where are they present

A

Adenine, cytosine, and Guanine (DNA+RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

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5
Q

What are purines

A

Adenine and guanine, have a double ring bond

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6
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

Thymine, uracil, and cytosine
Single ring bond

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7
Q

What are the base pairings

A

A with T 2 h bonds
C with G 3 h bonds

Purine is always with a pyramiding

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8
Q

How do the nucleotides string together

A

The sugar of one joins to the phosphate of another forming the sugar-phosphate backbone

The bases join together through H bonds

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9
Q

What shape does a DNA strand take

A

A double helix
Strands are in “Anti-Parallel” facing opposite directions

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10
Q

What are the 5’ and 3’ in Pentose sugar

A

The 5th and 3rd prime carbon in the sugar. Tells you which direction the Strand is facing

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11
Q

Why does a cell need to replicate DNA

A

When a cell divides it need 2 exact copies of the DNA for the new cells.

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12
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

In the interphase

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13
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication

A

DNA Helicase unzips the molecule by breaking the H bonds at the replication fork

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14
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication

A

free floating nucleotides line up with complementary bases
New H bonds form and DNA polymerase runs down molecule double checking and sealing H bonds

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15
Q

Where are the new nucleotides found for dna replication

A

They are free floating in the nucleoplasm and originate from food and molecules

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16
Q

What is the third step of DNA replication

A

DNA lignes runs down the bases and bonds the sugar / phosphate backbone

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17
Q

What is the final step of DNA replication

A

2 identical DNA molecules are ready for the dividing call
Both are identical, any mistakes are mutations
They are semi conservative keeping 1/2 old and getting 1/2 new

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18
Q

What is Recombinant DNA

A

The use of various techniques and enzymes to recombine DNA from different organisms

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19
Q

What can we do with recombinant DNA

A

Take a gene from one species and insert it into the DNA of a different species where it can be expressed

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20
Q

What enzymes are use in recombinant DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

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21
Q

What are three possible used for Recombinant DNA

A

Protein production
Gene therapy
Transgenic organisms

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22
Q

What is protein production

A

Take a gene from one organism (like the human insulin gene) put it in a new organism (like E. coli bacteria) which can produce the protein for our use

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23
Q

What is gene therapy

A

The correction of non functional gene in individuals. A virus can be used to inject the correct gene into the cells of a patient to cure illnesses like cystic fibrosis

24
Q

What are transgenic organisms

A

Organisms with a foreign gene inserted into them to give it features not possible through breeding
To make better plants and animals for agriculture

25
Q

What are the two stages to protein synthesis

A

Transcription: (DNA code copy to mRNA)
Translation: (mRNA to make proteins @ ribosome)

26
Q

What is unique about RNA

A

Single stranded
Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Uracil

27
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)

28
Q

What is messenger RNA

A

Takes message from DNA out of nucleus to a ribosome
Needs to be remade for every protein or enzyme

29
Q

What ya ribosomal RNA

A

Made In nucleus and combined with proteins to make ribosomes “read” mRNA’s message 3 letters at a time to make amino acid chains and then proteins

30
Q

What is transfer RNA

A

Transfer the correct amino acid to the ribosome to build the polypeptide chain

31
Q

What is the first step of transcription

A

DNA helicase unzips and unwinds a section of DNA to expose one Gene (chromosome puff)

32
Q

What is the second step of Transcription

A

Only one side of DNA is used to make a mRNA copy of the code. An enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to exposed DNA and complimentary base pairs make the code with RNA nucleotides

33
Q

What is the start codon

A

AUG, methionine

34
Q

What are the three stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

35
Q

What is the first step in translation

A

Initiation - mRNA leaves the nucleus and Travels to a ribosome (rRNA making two subunits)
The ribosome reads the mRNA, looking for the start codon and looks into place

36
Q

What is the second step In translation

A

Elongation - the ribosome “reads” the mRNA codons and “calls out” for the tRNA to bring the appropriate amino acids
If class for two tRNAs at a time and they lock in (codon to anticodon) side by side
The two amino acids join by peptide bonds
tRNA leaves and the ribosome moves on

37
Q

What is an anticodon

A

Found on tRNA
3 bases complimentary to a specific codon

38
Q

What is the last step in translation

A

Termination - when the ribosome reaches a stop codon it releases the mRNA, the new completed polypeptide (which will head to the Golgi), the mRNA will disintegrate, tRNA leaves, and ribosome comes apart

39
Q

What are the 3 causes of mutations

A

Germinal
Somatic
Mutagens

40
Q

What are germinal mutations

A

Can be passed on to offspring like hemophilia

41
Q

What are somatic mutations

A

Body cell
Not inheritable
Ex cancers

42
Q

What are mutagens

A

X-rays, radiation, chemicals, heavy metals, etc

43
Q

What are chromosome mutations

A

A change in the physical piercing of a chromosome
Usually involves thousands of genes
Missing pieces
Extra pieces
Exchange of pieces
More detrimental
Many developmental disorders

44
Q

What is translocation

A

Pieces of separate chromosomes are exchange

45
Q

What is deletion

A

Pieces become missing

46
Q

What is duplication

A

Extra pieces are copied and added

47
Q

What is inversion

A

Pieces are flipped into reverse order

48
Q

What is a gene

A

A segment of DNA in a chromosome that codes for one protein
The human genome has ~3 billion base pairs which are 10-15% genes

49
Q

What was the first organism to have a genome sequenced

A

Haemophilus influerizae, a bacteria with 1.8 million base pairs

50
Q

What are gene mutations

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence which affects 1 gene

51
Q

What are the two types of frame shift mutations

A

Deletion and addition
They change all the following codons
Serious

52
Q

What is a point mutation

A

Changes only one codon
Substitution
Less serious

53
Q

What is deletion

A

One base is left out

54
Q

What is addition

A

One base is added

55
Q

What is substitution

A

Pieces are replaced with each other

56
Q

How do mutations affect chemical reactions

A

Chemical reactions occur in pathways where one leads to another
If one enzyme in the pathway is nonfunctional then the pathway is interrupted and something like a blood clot will be prevent

Bio 12 (9 decks)

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