Unit 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 types of genetic chains
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
What monomers make DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
What are the three parts of nucleotide
- phosphate group PO4
- 5 carbon (Pentose) sugar either deoxyribose or ribose
- nitrogenous base
What are the 5 bases and where are they present
Adenine, cytosine, and Guanine (DNA+RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)
What are purines
Adenine and guanine, have a double ring bond
What are pyrimidines
Thymine, uracil, and cytosine
Single ring bond
What are the base pairings
A with T 2 h bonds
C with G 3 h bonds
Purine is always with a pyramiding
How do the nucleotides string together
The sugar of one joins to the phosphate of another forming the sugar-phosphate backbone
The bases join together through H bonds
What shape does a DNA strand take
A double helix
Strands are in “Anti-Parallel” facing opposite directions
What are the 5’ and 3’ in Pentose sugar
The 5th and 3rd prime carbon in the sugar. Tells you which direction the Strand is facing
Why does a cell need to replicate DNA
When a cell divides it need 2 exact copies of the DNA for the new cells.
When does DNA replication occur
In the interphase
What is the first step of DNA replication
DNA Helicase unzips the molecule by breaking the H bonds at the replication fork
What is the second step of DNA replication
free floating nucleotides line up with complementary bases
New H bonds form and DNA polymerase runs down molecule double checking and sealing H bonds
Where are the new nucleotides found for dna replication
They are free floating in the nucleoplasm and originate from food and molecules
What is the third step of DNA replication
DNA lignes runs down the bases and bonds the sugar / phosphate backbone
What is the final step of DNA replication
2 identical DNA molecules are ready for the dividing call
Both are identical, any mistakes are mutations
They are semi conservative keeping 1/2 old and getting 1/2 new
What is Recombinant DNA
The use of various techniques and enzymes to recombine DNA from different organisms
What can we do with recombinant DNA
Take a gene from one species and insert it into the DNA of a different species where it can be expressed
What enzymes are use in recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes
What are three possible used for Recombinant DNA
Protein production
Gene therapy
Transgenic organisms
What is protein production
Take a gene from one organism (like the human insulin gene) put it in a new organism (like E. coli bacteria) which can produce the protein for our use
What is gene therapy
The correction of non functional gene in individuals. A virus can be used to inject the correct gene into the cells of a patient to cure illnesses like cystic fibrosis
What are transgenic organisms
Organisms with a foreign gene inserted into them to give it features not possible through breeding
To make better plants and animals for agriculture
