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Bio 12 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Epididymis

A

the area where the sperm matures (coiled tubes), after which they move to the ductus (vas) deferens

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2
Q

Where are the testes and why

A

outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum, for sperm to be viable the testes must descend to keep temperature below body temp

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3
Q

where is sperm produced

A

inside tubes called the seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

what other cells are inside the testes and what do they produced

A

interstitial cells which produce male sex hormones like testosterone and androgens

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5
Q

where do maturing sperm move to

A

the epididymis

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6
Q

what is the Ductus (vas) deferens

A

the area where sperm is stores, leads to the urethra, long tube from epididymis to urethra

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7
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

2 small glands
joins the ductus (vas) deferens at the bas of the bladder

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8
Q

what do the seminal vesicles make

A

seminal fluid (about 60%)
creates a slightly basic (pH 7.5) fluid, high in fructose, amino acids, prostaglandins, and buffers

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9
Q

what is prostaglandins

A

hormones that cause contractions of the vagina to help move sperm

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10
Q

what is the prostate gland

A

a gland found around the urethra which contributes to alkaline solutions

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11
Q

what is Cowper’s or Bulbourethral gland

A

a gland that adds to seminal fluid, 2 glands, secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize urine in urethra

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12
Q

what makes up semen

A

seminal fluid and sperm

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13
Q

what is seminal fluid

A

a fluid that is basic, contains fructose (sugar) to prove energy for sperm swimming, and prostaglandins a hormones that causes mild contractions in uterus to help sperm move towards egg

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14
Q

what is the urethra

A

a tube that serves as a double purpose for semen and urine but never at the same time
Semen expelled by rhythmic muscular contractions -> male orgasm

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15
Q

what does the penis do

A

becomes erect (due to compression of blood vessels) and hard to allow semen to be deposited in the vagina near the cervix

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16
Q

what is the path of sperm

A

testes - produce sperm
Epididymis - stores and matures sperm
Ductus (vas) deferens - sperm enters
Past the Prostate gland - contribues to alkaline fluid but no sperm travels hers
Urethra - sperm released

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17
Q

what are the functions of the seminal fluid

A

lubricates the vagina
provide energy for swimming sperm (fructose)
stimulate mild contractions of the vagina (prostaglandins (hormones) )
buffers to counteract acidity in vagina and uterus (sodium bicarbonate)

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18
Q

what is the concentration of sperm in semen

A

north of 400 million sperm in 3.5 mL of semen

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19
Q

what is the head of sperm called, and what does it contain

A

the acrosome which contains enzymes necessary for penetration of female egg surface, contains 23 chromosomes

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20
Q

what does the mid piece of sperm contain

A

mitochondria for energy of the tail

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21
Q

describe the structure of sperm’s tail

A

same structure as flagella “9 + 2 microtubules arrangements for movement”

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22
Q

what is the major hormone of the male

A

testosterone

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23
Q

what does testosterone do

A

essential for development
essential for development and function of male sex organs
maturation of sperm
secondary hair (facial, pubic, etc) impact on baldness
deepens voice (affects larynx and cords)
Increases muscle mass
increases aggression

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24
Q

what controls testosterone level

A

the hypothalamus and gonadotrophic hormones from the ant pituitary gland
remains relatively constant due to negative feedback loop

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25
Q

describe the loop that affects testosterone levels and sperm productions

A

Hypothalamus monitors levels, uses gonadotrophin releasing hormone to communicate to ant. pit gland, which releases LH and FSH, which trigger the testes to produce testosterone through interstitial cells, and sperm through the seminiferous tubules.

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26
Q

What is FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (sperm production)

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27
Q

What is LH

A

Luteinizing hormone (testosterone production)

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28
Q

what are the 6 steps of the ovarian cycle

A

1) primary follicle contains oocyte and begins producing estrogen
2) secondary follicle contains primary oocyte and produces estrogen and progesterone
3) Vesicular follicle develops
4) Ovulation, secondary oocyte (egg) gets released
5) corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone
6) Corpus luteum degenerates

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29
Q

what are the 2 functions of the ovaries

A

1) produce eggs from follicles (burst from ovary)
2) Produces estrogen (from follicles) and Progesterone (from corpus luteum)

30
Q

What are the Fallopian tubes also know as

A

Oviducts

31
Q

What is ovulation

A

when an egg bursts from an ovary and enters oviduct

32
Q

describe the Fallopian tubes

A

tubes that connect to the uterus and lei close to ovaries
lined with cilia and surrounded with circular muscles

33
Q

what are fimbriae and what do they do

A

finger like projections at the end of Fallopian tubes that sweep over ovaries and collect the eggs into the tubes

34
Q

what are the two purposes of the fallopian tubes

A

to propel egg towards uterus
to serve as site of fertilization

35
Q

how often are eggs produced and what happens if they are not fertilized

A

1 egg a month which lass 6-24 hours unless fertilized

36
Q

describe the uterus

A

a thick walled, muscular lining - pear shaped
lined with a layer called the endometrium
site of development of the embryo

37
Q

what does the endometrium do

A

helps form the placenta

38
Q

describe the cervix

A

entrance to uterus
path for sperm to swim through
produces mucin stands to facilitate sperm
also holds baby in uterus

39
Q

describe the vagina

A

the birth canal
receptacle for male’s penis
exit for mental flow

40
Q

describe the clitoris

A

sensitive organ analog to males penis
responsible for stimulating female orgasm
no reproductive function

41
Q

what do follicle stimulating hormones do in females

A

stimulates the follicle to mature within ovary and causes it to produce estrogen

42
Q

what do leutinizing hormones do in females

A

maintains the corpus luteum and causes it to produce progesterone

43
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

a gland like structure that degenerates after 10 days if no pregnancy occurs
produces progesterone

44
Q

what are gonadotrophin hormones

A

FSH and LH, regulate ovary production of female sex hormones

45
Q

what do estrogen and progesterone do

A

act on the endometrium (uterus lining)
maintain the sexual organs and the secondary sex characteristics and exert feedback control over the hypothalamus and ant pit gland

46
Q

describe the feedback loop that affects estrogen and progesterone production

A

hypothalamus triggers Ant pit gland to release FSH and Lh which stimulate ovary to price estrogen through the follicles and progesterone through the corpus luteum

Feedback control is more complicated then male and doesn’t maintain homeostasis so levels vary

47
Q

what is the ovarian cycle

A

the development of vesicular follicle, ovulation, development of corpus luteum
1 egg a month

48
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

a 28 day cycle where the endometrium (uterine lining) builds up and breaks down during menstruation

49
Q

what is the first 14 days of the ovarian cycle

A

the follicular phase
when FSH released from the ant pit gland stimulates the development of a follicle (unfertilized egg), the follicle begins secreting estrogen so the level of estrogen steadily increase

50
Q

what happens around 14 days in the ovarian cycle

A

Ovulation - the follicle releases egg (LH pens from ant pit stimulation)

51
Q

what is the 15 through 28 days of the ovarian cycle

A

Luteal phase
follicle turns into corpus luteum
LH from ant pit stimulates the production of progesterone
as progesterone increase ant pit decrease LH so corpus luteum begins to degenerate
when corpus luteum is gone menstruation occurs

52
Q

what happens in the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle

A

low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause thickened uterine lining to degenerate and shed menstruation (period)

53
Q

what happens in the 6th-13th days of the menstrual cycle

A

the proliferation phase
estrogen from follicle is increasing which causes a thickening of the uterus wall (endometrium)
extra blood vessels and glands

54
Q

what happens around day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation

55
Q

happens between the 15-28 days of the menstrual cycle

A

secretory phase
increased levels or progesterone cause endometrium to thicken further (2x) and thick mucous secretion
endometrium is ready to receive fertilized egg (zygote)

56
Q

what happens at the end of the menstrual cycle if the egg is not fertilized

A

The corpus luteum begins to degenerate therefor progesterone falls
low progesterone and estrogen cause endometrium to be shed menstruation occurs

57
Q

what happens if pregnancy occurs after the menstrual cycle

A

the zygote (fertilized egg) imbeds in the thick endometrium and prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating. This keeps progesterone levels up and prevents the endometrium and zygote from being shed

58
Q

what marks the beginning of pregnancy

A

Implantation

59
Q

what happens during implantation

A

the fertilized egg attacks to the endometrium (uterus wall) several days after fertilization
hormones are produced by the zygote to prevent menstruation

60
Q

what is HCG

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, a hormone which maintains the corpus luteum which continues to produce progesterone which prevents the endometrium from shedding. Pregnancy tests test for this hormone

61
Q

how long does the corpus luteum persist for after implantation

A

3-6 months

62
Q

what do the endometrium and fetus develop

A

the placenta and organ of exchange between the maternal and fetal blood systems

63
Q

what does the placenta do

A

it continues production of HCG and progesterone + estrogen. Higher levels of those hormones (progesterone and estrogen) shut off release of FSH from ant pit gland which prevents ovulation and maintains the endometrium

64
Q

when has the placenta developed enough to not need the corpus luteum

A

by the 10th week, when it is capable of producing the hormones

65
Q

what does estrogen affect

A

egg maturation
growth of vagina and uterus at puberty
pubic hair
fat development and distribution
widening of pelvic girdle
breast development
menopause - when both cycles end at 45-55 years of age (leads to heat flashed, dizziness, headaches, and sadness)

66
Q

what is oxytocin

A

a hormone released by the post pit gland. begins and controls birth contractions (also involved in milk letdown response in breast feeding)
under control of positive feedback loop

67
Q

describe the positive feedback loop of oxytocin

A

a rare example of positive feed back, where each trigger leads to increasing instability
oxytocin trigger birth contractions which triggers release of more oxytocin

68
Q

what are the three steps of the birth process

A
  1. dilation of cervix (1-10cm)
    - water breaks (amniotic sac with fluid breaks)
  2. brith - labour and delivery
  3. After birth - placental comes out
69
Q

what are zoomastigina

A

Zoomastigina: Animal like protists with flagella

  • have flagella, and so are called flagellates
  • no shells or cell walls, absorbed food
  • mainly use binary fission but can use meiosis to very genetics
70
Q

what are Chrysophyta

A

Chrysophyta: Golden Protists

  • contain green, brown algae and diatoms
  • have gold and green protists
  • have proteins walls not cellulose
  • very diverse
  • 2000 are diatoms and have silicon or glass like walls, photosynthetic

Bio 12 (9 decks)

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