Urinary

Question 1

What is the main purpose of kidneys

Answer 1

To produce urine

Question 2

What is the main purpose of the ureters

Answer 2

To transport urine from the renal pelvis to bladder
Around 25cm long, does 5 jets a minute

Question 3

What is the main purpose of the bladder

Answer 3

Stores urine and has nerve endings that trigger when full

Question 4

What is the main purpose of the urethra

Answer 4

The elimination of urine
It is surrounded by the prostate gland
20cm in males, 4 cm in females

Question 5

Describe the renal cortex

Answer 5

Outer layer of kidney
Contains the glomerulus, proximal, and distal tubules
Pressure filtration, selective reabsorption, and tubular excretion
Responsible for most of the kidney work (with nephrons)

Question 6

Describe the renal medulla

Answer 6

Middle layer of kidney (renal pyramids)
Contains loop of henle and most of the collecting duct
Responsible for H2O reabsorption and salt balance

Question 7

Describe the Renal Pelvis

Answer 7

Inner layer of kidney
Collects urine from all tubules and directs it into the ureter

Question 8

What are the three parts of the kidney

Answer 8

The renal cortex (outer)
The renal medulla (middle)
The renal pelvis (inner)

Question 9

What is the kidney composed of

Answer 9

Millions of tiny microscopic tubules called nephrons

Question 10

What is the blood flow through the kidney and nephron

Answer 10

Dorsal aorta -> renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capillary network -> venule -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava

Question 11

What is the glomerulus

Answer 11

A knot of capillary network that is unique to the kidney
In this area a large portion of the blood plasma filters from the blood vessels I to the bowman’s capsule

Question 12

What are the three steps to making urine

Answer 12

A) pressure or glomerular filtration
B) selective or tubular reabsorption
C) tubular excretion

Question 13

What occurs in the nephron

Answer 13

The filtration of substances out of the blood, reabsorption of important substances into the blood, and excretion of waste in form of urine

Question 14

Where do the collecting ducts if the millions of nephrons drain into

Answer 14

They drain urine into the renal pelvis, which drains into the ureters

Question 15

Describe the flow of filtrate through the kidney and nephron

Answer 15

Glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Filtrate becomes urine once in collecting duct

Question 16

What substances stay In the renal blood vessels throughout the nephron

Answer 16

The blood cells and proteins

Question 17

What renters the blood at the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 17

Sugars and amino acids

Question 18

What are the two parts of the loop of henle

Answer 18

The descending loop (going down)
The ascending loop (going up)

Question 19

What moves from the descending (specifically) loop of henle into the peritubular capillary network

Answer 19

Water

Question 20

What moves form the loop of henle to the peritubular capillary network across both descending and ascending versions

Answer 20

Important Salts

Question 21

What exits the blood vessels at the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

Any remaining waste

Question 22

What can exit the collecting duct into the renal vein

Answer 22

Water, through aquaporins

Question 23

What happens to glucose in the nephron

Answer 23

It is 100% reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood. It does drop from 100mg/L to 98mg/L because 2mg/L is used to make ATP to fill the active transport that occurs at in the nephron

Question 24

What happens to urea in the nephron

Answer 24

It drops from 30mg/L to 25mg/L across the blood vessels because it is excreted in the filtrate, though some is reabsorbed by the tubules

Question 25

Do kidneys remove all waste from the blood

Answer 25

No, they remove enough to keep it at a constant level. One kidney is enough to keep a human alive

Question 26

What is ADH

Answer 26

Anti Diuretic Hormone
A hormone that controls H2O balance

Question 27

What is involved with making ADH

Answer 27

Made by the hypothalamus, transferred and stores in a series of nerve cells running from the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Question 28

What does ADH do

Answer 28

Increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct so that more water can be reabsorbed back into the blood

Question 29

What happens when ADH is secreted

Answer 29

Blood volume increases
Blood becomes more dilute
Urine becomes more concentrated

Question 30

What controls ADH secretion

Answer 30

The water content of the blood monitored by the hypothalamus
As blood conc. Increases, more ADH is secreted, so more water is reabsorbed and blood conc. Then decreases

Question 31

What can alcohol do to ADH secretion

Answer 31

It can inhibit ADH secretion, leading to dehydration and hangover headaches due to higher urine volume and water concentration

Question 32

What secretes aldosterone

Answer 32

The adrenal cortex gland (outer layer of the adrenal gland on top of each kidney

Question 33

What does aldosterone do

Answer 33

Controls the excretion of Na+ and K+ ions
Increase’s reabsorption of Na+ (more in blood) and increases excretion of K+ (less in blood)

Question 34

What happens if Na+ levels are too low

Answer 34

Aldosterone is secreted, reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys occurs, so blood Na+ begins to increase

Question 35

What else does aldosterone do

Answer 35

Controls blood volume and pressure since an increases of the [Na+] in blood causes H2O to be absorbed, increasing blood volume and pressure