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Bio 12 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells

A

The structural and functional units of an organism
The smallest structure capable of performing all functions necessary to life

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2
Q

What terms describe the amount of cells an organism has

A

Unicellular - one cell

Multicellular - at least 2 cells, can be many many more

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3
Q

What are the three types of cell in nature

A

Prokaryotic : lack a membrane enclosed nucleus. Simple bacteria
Eukaryotic: have a membrane bound nucleus, and organelles. Protists, fungi, plants, animals
Archaeans: posses qualities of both, archaebacteria

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4
Q

What are the three statements of cell theory

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • cells are the basic living unit for all life
  • cells come from previous cells
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5
Q

How big are cells

A

Small
Less than 1 mm
Some as small as 1 um (1/1000 mm)

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6
Q

Why do cells need to be small

A

Cells consume food and produce waste, this is relative to cell volume
Cells thus need to take in food and let out waste, this is relative to cell surface area
As a cell becomes bigger the volume increases at a faster rate than surface area
At a certain size the cell would not be able to take in enough food to feed it fast enough, and let out enough waste fast enough

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7
Q

What might cells do to increase surface area

A

The outer membrane might fold and wrinkle to increase surface area without increasing volume

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8
Q

What are the main cells we learn about

A

Eukaryotic cells, they have a nucleus and organelles. And form the base of animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

A phospholipid bi-layer that is embedded with protein molecules,
Surround the cell and separates the inside of the cell from the out

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10
Q

What fills the inside of the cell

A

A semi fluid medium called cytoplasm,
Composed of water, salts, and dissolved organic molecules

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11
Q

What are cell walls

A

A permeable but protective wall that is around the cell membrane, gives rigidity and protection to certain cells

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12
Q

What types of cell have cell walls

A

Plants cells have 1 cellulose and 1 lignin cell wall

Fungi have cellulose and chitin cell walls

Some algae have cellulose cell walls

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13
Q

What are organelles

A

Well defined sub cellular structures that perform a specific, important function for the cell

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14
Q

What is the nucleus

A

A prominent organelle with a diameter of ~5um
Stores the genetic information of the cell, DNA, and controls cell functions

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15
Q

What is inside the nucleus

A

Chromatin: DNA + Proteins, condenses into chromosomes

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16
Q

What is the semi fluid inside the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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17
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

The area where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced

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18
Q

What is around the nucleus

A

The nuclear envelope

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19
Q

What is attached to the nuclear envelope

A

The rough ER

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20
Q

What are nuclear pores

A

Holes around 100nm that permit bidirectional transport of proteins and ribosome subunits

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21
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Synthesis proteins using mRNA as a template

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22
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

Small + large subunits, each is a complex of unique ribosomal RNA and proteins

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23
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

In the cytoplasm, groups called polyribosomes, and RER

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24
Q

What organelles are in the endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope + ER + golgi + vesicles
Does transport and processing of the cell

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25
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Complicated system of membranous channels and sacs (flattened vesicles) Connects to nuclear envelope
26
What is the rough ER
Studded with ribosomes which synthesis proteins Inside the RER proteins are processed and modified
27
What is the smooth ER
Connected to rough ER, has no ribosomes Synthesizes phospholipids, producers testosterone, detoxifies drugs, stores calcium ions Forms vesicles which transport materials to golgi
28
What is the Golgi apparatus
3-20 slightly curved sacs, stacked on top of each other One side faces nucleus, other faces membrane
29
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Receives proteins + lipid vesicles from ER, as they move through they are modified, repackaged into secretory vesicles Forms lysosomes
30
What is secretion
Secretory vesicles move from Golgi and release materials outside cell
31
What are lysosomes
Membrane bound vesicles produced by Golgi Contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes
32
What do lysosomes do
Digest food molecules into simpler subunits White blood cells use them to eat bacteria Consume food, garbage, and old organelles
33
What are vacuoles
Large membranous sacs, larger than vesicles Store substances like water, sugars, salt, pigment, toxins Bigger in plant cell
34
What are peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes, membrane bound vesicles that envelope enzymes Synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes and transported by carrier proteins
35
What enzymes are in peroxisomes
Enzymes produce H2O2 which is broken down into water + oxygen by another enzyme called catalase Vary between cells
36
What do chloroplast do
Use solar energy to synthesis carbohydrates 6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
37
What do mitochondria do
Brake down carbohydrates while producing ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
38
What is the structure of chloroplasts
4-6 um in diameter 1-5 um long Contains chlorophyll 2 membranes enclose fluid called stroma Membrane system folds into flattened sacs called thylakoids in stacks called grana
39
What is the structure of mitochondria
0.5 - 10 um in diameter 2-5 um long Double membrane around fluid matrix Inner membrane folds to form cristea which give more surface area
40
What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton
Actin filaments (microfilaments) Intermediate filaments Microtubules
41
What are microfilaments
7nm wide Long, thing, flexible fibres Bundles + mesh like networks 2 globular actin monomers twisted around in a helical manner Form a web, make pseudopods
42
What are intermediate filaments
8-11 nm wide Rope like assembly of fibrous polypeptides that vary between tissue Support nuclear envelope, membrane, help cell to cell interactions
43
What are microtubules
Small, hollow cylinders 25 nm wide, 0.2-25 um long Made of globular protein tubules of 2 types, 23 rows of tubulin dimes around empty core
44
What are centrioles
2 structure found in animal cells May be involved in microtubules assembly + disassembly Short cylinders of microtubules that become centrosomes
45
What are centrosomes
Structures that manipulate chromosomes during cel division
46
What are cilia and flagella
Hair like projections that move cells Undulate, whip, stiffly or like oats Cilia are shorter Membrane bound cylinders of 9 around 2 centre
47
What is the cell membranes purpose
To separate the inside of the cell from the out To regulate entrance and exit of molecules to maintain homeostasis
48
What is the main part of the cell membrane
The phospholipid bilayer, a fluid like membrane that can stiffen and strengthen due to cholesterol
49
What are the two types of proteins in a cell membrane
Peripheral = one side Integral proteins = span both sides may only protrude on one though
50
What is the fluid-mosaic model
Membrane structure of phospholipids, proteins that can move laterally through them, and steroids
51
What carbs are involved in the cell membrane
Glycolipids and glycoproteins Play roles in cell identification
52
What do peripheral proteins do
Play a structural role and help stabilize and shape membrane
53
What are channel proteins
Involved in passage of molecules through membrane, have a channel, and possibly a gate
54
What are carrier proteins
Combine with substance to move it across the membrane
55
What are cell recognition proteins
Glycoproteins help recognize pathogenic invasion to start immune reaction
56
What are receptor proteins
Shapes allow specific proteins to bind to it, changing its shape to bring about a cellular response
57
What are enzymatic proteins
Carry out metabolic reactions directly
58
How permeable is the cell membrane
Selectively permeable, some particles can cross others cannot
59
What is diffusion in cells
The passage of small particles and gases through the cell membrane from high to low concentrations passively
60
What factors can affect diffusion
Temp, pressure, electrical currents, molecule size
61
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules
62
What is osmotic pressure
Pressure that developed due to osmosis in a system
63
What is an isotonic solution
A solution that has an equal solute/water concentration inside and outside a membrane (cell)
64
What is a hypotonic solution
A solution that causes water to move into a cell, making it swell or lyse. There is less solute concentration out of the cell
65
What are the terms for cell disrupted by hypotonic solutions
Cytolysis : disrupted cell Hemolysis : disrupted red blood cell Turgor pressure : plant cell that Is swelling but can’t lyse due to rigid cell wall
66
What organisms have to be adapted to withstand hypotonic solutions
Those living in fresh water
67
What are hypertonic solutions
Cause cell to shrivel / shrink More solute concentration outside cell Water moves out of cell
68
What two terms describe the affects of hypertonic solutions to cells
Crenation: shriveling of a cell in hypotonic solutions Phasmolysis: membrane pulls off of cell wall due to crenation in plant cell
69
What types of organisms need to be adapted to hypertonic solutions
Marine animals
70
How are molecule transported by carrier proteins
A specific molecule / ion bonds to the protein, which then changes shape moving the material across the membrane
71
What is facilitated transport
Allows passage of glucose + amino acids, even though they can’t pass through lipids Passive Specific proteins
72
What is active transport
Opposite to diffusion direction (low to high[]) Needs energy:ATP Carrier proteins can pump materials across Sodium potassium pump moved 3 Na then 2 K ions across
73
What is exocytosis
A vesicle fused to membrane opening out side the cell to release materials in a process called secretion Release hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes
74
What is endocytosis
A portion of the cell membrane folds around materials to bring it into the cell in a vesicle Multiple types
75
What is phagocytosis
Large molecules like food particles Often leads to lysosome digestion materials Seen on light microscope
76
What is pinocytosis
Liquids or small molecules Happens a lot though you need a e- microscope to see
77
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis but in an area (pit) where receptor proteins bind to specific molecules Vitamins, peptide hormones, lipoprotein, etc Effecient, used to transfer materials between cells

Bio 12 (9 decks)

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