Biochem Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Define carbohydrate
A
Optically active polyhydroxy aldehyde/ketone or compounds that yield them on hydrolysis
2
Q
What is the ratio of C,H and O in carbohydrates?
A
1:2:1
3
Q
What are monosaccharides?
A
They are the building blocks of polysaccharides or carbohydrates.
They contain 1 aldehyde/ketone group and 2 or more hydroxy groups
4
Q
Examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose, galactose, fructose
5
Q
Which compound is considered as the reference carbohydrate?
A
Glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
6
Q
What are oligosaccharides?
A
They are compounds which yield 2-10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis
Further divided into Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides and Pentasaccharides
7
Q
What is the other name of Monosaccharides?
A
Simple sugar
8
Q
Examples of Disaccharides
A
Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose, Gentiobiose and Trehalose
9
Q
Examples of Trisaccharides
A
Rhamniose, Gentianose, Raffinose
10
Q
Examples of Tetrasaccharide
A
Stachyose, Scorodose
11
Q
Example of Pentasaccharide
A
Verbascose
12
Q
General formula of monosaccharides
A
Cn(H2n)On
13
Q
General formula of disaccharides
A
Cn(H2O)n-1
14
Q
General formula of Trisaccharides
A
Cn(H20)n-2
15
Q
General formula of Polysaccharides
A
(C6 H10 O5)x
16
Q
Composition of sucrose
A
Alpha D-glucose and Beta D-fructose
17
Q
Composition of maltose
A
2 (alpha D-glucose)
18
Q
Composition of lactose
A
Beta D-glucose + beta D-galactose
19
Q
Name the essential amino acids
A
Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Arginine, Phenylalanine
20
Q
Name the Non-essential AA
A
Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Proline, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
21
Q
What are the Semi-essential AA
A
Histidine and Arginine
22
Q
Name a Non-protein AA
A
Ornithine
23
Q
What AAs can Glycine be synthesized from?
A
Serine, Threonine, Betaine
24
Q
What are the reactants for the synthesis of Alanine?
A
Pyruvate and Glutamate
25
What water soluble vitamin is absent in eggs?
Vitamin C
26
Pulses are deficient in what AA?
Methionine
27
Which vitamin is required by dopamine beta-hydroxylase for the conversion of Dopamine to Nor-epinephrine?
Vitamin C
28
Which AA is the precursor of Meltonin?
Tryptophan
29
Technique for the purification of proteins
Affinity chromatography
30
What is the Cori cycle for?
Synthesis and re-use of Glucose
31
In which condition is Glucose tolerance decreased?
Diabetes mellitus
32
Generally how many AAs do all proteins contain?
More than 50
33
Name some reducing sugars
Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose
34
Name some Non-reducing sugars
Sucrose, Glycogen, Inulin
35
Parts of Rhodopsin
Opsin and 11-cis Retinal
36
What is Rhodopsin?
A light sensitive protein in retina that enables vision in low light
37
Which is the non-protein part of Rhodopsin?
Retinal
38
What ring does the molecule of Vitamin A1 contain?
Beta carotene ring
39
Vitamin K3 is also called
Menadione
40
Composition of Folic acid
Pteridine + para amino benzoic acid + Glutamic acid
41
Which test is used for the determination of an amino acid sequence?
Sanger reagent
42
Which test is used to identify the deficiency of Pyridoxal (B6)
Xanthurenic acid test
43
1 IU of Vit D = the biological activity of...
0.025 microgram of cholecalciferol
44
In what ph is the absorption is Vit D increased?
Acidic pH of the intestine
45
By what enzyme is beta carotene oxidatively cleaved by?
Beta carotene dioxygenase
46
Which test is used to evaluate the detoxifying function of liver?
Hippuric acid test
47
Xanthoprotic test is positive for...
Aromatic AA
48
What kind of an enzyme is Xymogen?
An inactivated enzyme
49
Vit B1
Thiamine
50
Vit B2
Riboflavin
51
Vit B3
Niacin
52
Vit B5
Pantothenic acid
53
Vit B6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal
54
Vit B7
Biotin
55
Vit B9
Folic acid
56
Vit B12
Cobalamin
57
What is Entropy?
Degree of randomness or disorder of a system
Directly proportional to spontaneity
Denoted by S
58
What is Enthalpy?
Heat content of a system
Denoted by H
59
Gibb's Free energy
Denoted by G
Delta G = delta H - T(delta)S
Here, H has to be -ve and S has to be +ve
60
What are Energy Rich Compounds?
Compounds which release atleast or more than 7cal/mol energy at pH=7
They are also called energy rich phosphates
61
What is Zellweger syndrome?
The most severe peroxisome biosynthesis disorder.
It is caused by the absence of functional peroxisomes and other organelles
62
What is meant by Stereoisomerism?
Same molecular formula, different structures
63
What is meant by an Epimer?
Two monosaccharides that differ from each other around a single specific C atom
Eg: D-galactose and D-glucose (around C-4)
64
What is meant by an anomeric carbon?
The carbonyl carbon on the open ended chain form of a sugar
65
What are Enantiomers?
Mirror images of 2 sugar molecules
Eg: D-glucose and L-glucose
66
What is meant by Tautomerism?
Shifting of a H atom from 1 carbon to another to form "enediols"
67
How do you determine D and L forms of a sugar?
By locating the H and OH of the Carbon atoms next to the primary alcohol
A. If OH is on the right - DEXTRO
B. If OH is on the left - LEVO
68
What is Sucrose also called?
Cane sugar
69
What are the breakdown products of Starch called?
Dextrins
70
What is Lobry de Bryn-von Ekenstein transformation?
The process where are sugar containing an anomeric carbon undergoes tautomerisation in alkaline solutions
Eg: When glucose is kept in an alkaline solution for several hours, it undergoes transformation to give fructose and mannose
71
What are diastereomers?
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
72
Which vitamin is also called "Sterility vitamin"?
Vit E
73
What base does Thymine have?
Pyrimidine base
74
What is the IUPAC name of Calcitriol?
1,25 - dihydroxy cholecalciferol
75
Which vitamin serves as a respiratory catalyst?
Vit B2 (Riboflavin)
76
What are Pro-enzymes?
Enzymes produced in their inactive form in living cells
77
Which vitamin is the co-enzyme for FMN (Flavin mono nucleotide)?
Vit B2
78
Specificity of an enzyme is mostly dependant on...
Pyruvate and Apo-enzymes
79
How many molecules of ATP does one molecule of Palmitate produce?
129 ATP
80
Which vitamin promotes Glucose absorption?
Vit B1
81
Which AA is also used as an anti-biotic?
Azaserine
82
Which vitamin is the Pellagra preventive factor of Goldberg?
Vit B3 (Niacin)
83
Adenylate cyclase is activated by...
Glucagon
84
Which vitamin is Co-enzyme A derived from?
Vit B5
85
Who proposed the "lock and key" theory?
Emilia Fisher
86
Name the allosteric inhibitor or Hexokinase
Glucose - 6 - phosphate
87
What is the composition of Barfoed's reagent?
Cu acetate and glacial acetic acid
88
Other name of Glycolysis
Embden Mayerhoff pathway
89
What is Von-Girke's disease caused due to?
The deficiency of G-6-P
Leads to an enlarged liver due to excess storage
90
What is Pompe's disease caused due to?
The deficiency of acid maltase
91
Which disease is Glycogen storage disease (GSD-I)?
Von-Girke's disease
92
What is Cori's disease caused due to?
The deficiency of de-branching enzymes
93
What is Anderson's disease caused due to?
Due to the deficiency of de-branching enzymes
There is production of an abnormal form of Amylopectin, which accumulates in heart and liver
94
What is McArdle's disease caused due to?
The deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
95
What is Her's disease caused due to?
The deficiency of liver phosphorylase
96
Which disease is GSD (Glycogen storage disease) IV?
Anderson's disease
97
Which disease is GSD II?
Pompe's disease
98
Which disease is GSD III?
Cori's disease
99
Which disease is GSD V?
McArdle's disease
100
Which disease is GSD VI?
Her's disease
101
What is the normal amount of ketone bodies in blood?
Less than 1mg/dL
102
What are the 3 main ketone bodies that are synthesized in the body?
Acetone, Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxy butyrate
103
Name the 1° ketone bodies
Acetoacetate
104
Name the 2° ketone bodies
Acetone and beta-hydroxy butyrate
105
By what test is the presence of ketone bodies detected in urine?
Rothera's test
The test is only for Acetone and Acetoacetate
106
By what test is the presence of Beta-hydroxy butyrate detected in urine?
Modified Rothera's test
107
Special test for Acetoacetate
Gerhard FeCl3 test
108
During which conditions is the production of ketone bodies sorted to, by the body?
1. During starvation
2. During uncontrolled DM
109
Why is Acetoacetate called a 1° ketone body?
Because acetone and beta hydroxy butyrate is synthesized from Acetoacetate
110
Name the major substrates used for Gluconeogenisis
1. Pyruvate
2. Intermediates from Kreb's cycle
3. Lactate
4. Glycerol
5. Propionate
6. Glucogenic AA
111
What is the inhibition of Glycolysis by O2 called?
Pasteur effect
112
In TCA cycle, Citrate synthase is inhibited by what enzyme?
Succinyl CoA
113
The enzymes of TCA cycle are located in...
Mitochondrial matrix
114
Uronix acid pathway is concerned with the synthesis of which vitamin?
Vitamin C
115
As per IUB, the unit for enzyme activity is expressed in....
Katal
116
Which amino acid has the presence of an Indole ring?
Tryptophan
117
Which deficiency leads to Gaucher's disease?
Beta-glucosidase deficiency
118
What is the protein part of Lipoprotein called?
Apoprotein
119
According to Fredreickson's classification of Cholestremia, type IV Hypercholestremia is caused due to....
Inc. Level of VLDL
120
What percent of HDL is composed for triacylglycerol?
88%
121
What are the 2 products of beta oxidation of odd chain fatty acids?
Propionyl CoA + Acetyl CoA
122
In Z-DNA, how many base pairs are present in each turn of DNA?
12
123
What percent of RNA is composed of ribosomes RNA?
50-80%
124
What is the function of rRNA?
To provide structural framework to ribosomes
125
Oxidative amination takes place mostly in...
Liver and kidney
126
In transamination process, all transaminases require ______co-enzyme
PLP co-enzyme
127
Tocopherols prevent the oxdn of which vitamin?
Vitamin A
128
Name the amino acids required for the synthesis of Creatinine
Glycine, Arginine and Methionine
129
Hypervitaminosis of Vitamin A causes
Dermatitis and loss of hair
130
Storehouse of NH3 in the biological system
Glutamine
131
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is caused due to the deficiency of...
HGPRT
132
Orotic acidurea can be treated with a diet rich in...
Guanine
133
Menke's disease is caused due to the deficiency of....
Copper
134
Precursor of Melanine
Tyrosine
135
Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is caused due to elevated levels of...
Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)
136
Jamaican vomiting disease is caused due to deficiency of ....
Hypoglycin A
137
Krabbe's disease is caused due to a defect in...
Beta galactosidase
138
Name a drug that causes the inhibition of Aconitase in TCA cycle
Flouroacetate
139
The deficiency of which enzyme leads to Cori's disease?
Amylo alpha - 1,6 - glucosidase
140
Name the starting materials of retinol
Beta-iodine and methyl vinyl lactone
141
Name the starting materials of Vit B5
Formaldehyde and iso-butyryladehyde
142
What kind of a fatty acid is Palmitic acid?
Poly unsaturated and essential
143
How is the NH3 produced during the muscle degeneration of nitrogenated compounds transported in blood?
They are transported via ALANINE and GLUTAMINE as carriers
144
What AA do Nitrous oxide and Urea have in common as an intermediate precursor?
Arginine
145
How is the correct conformation of complex proteins formed?
With the help of CHAPERONES that help in protein folding
146
Which cell does IgD have as a major function?
B-cell receptor
147
Starting material of B7 (Biotin)
Dibenzyl succinic acid
148
Starting material of Ascorbic acid
Ribose
149
The deficiency of which enzyme causes Porphyria cutanaetarda?
Uro-porphyrinogen decarboxylase
150
What is Porphyria cutanaetarda?
Porphyria is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the skin and nervous system
The above mentioned disease is the most common type of Porphyria.
151
What is the P:O ratio of FADH2
2
152
Which sulfer containing compound is involved in decarboxylation reaction?
Lipoic acid
153
Which vitamin is termed as the "Vitamin in search of diseases"?
Vitamin E
154
Wenicke-Korsakoff is a disease that is caused due to the deficiency of....
Vitamin B1
155
Which vitamin decreases the circulation of free fatty acids in adipose tissue?
Niacin
156
Which one of the Vitamin Bs is synthesized by microorganisms?
B12
157
Which kind of protein gives Biuret test?
A protein that contains 2 or more peptide linkages
158
Which high energy phosphate inhibits Isocitrate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle?
ATP
159
The level of which enzyme is elevated during Muscular dystrophy?
Aldolase
160
What is the indication of Wilson's disease in a person?
Increased level of G-6-PD
161
What colour does Iodopsin give in the visual cycle?
Green
162
Chemical formula of Capryllic acid
CH3 - (CH2)⁶ - COOH
163
Examples for Simple lipids
Lipids, Waxes and Oils
164
Examples for Compound Lipids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
165
Examples of Derived lipids
Steroids and Carotenoids
166
What are Simple lipids composed of?
Esters of fatty acids and alcohol
167
Composition of Compound lipids
Esters of fatty acids and alcohols containing groups like PO4, sugars, etc
168
Composition of Fats and Oils
Esters of fatty acids and glycerol
169
Composition of Waxes
Esters of fatty acids and alcohol, OTHER THAN GLYCEROL
170
How are Derived lipids made?
By combining simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis
THEY DO NOT RESEMBLE FATS IN STRUCTURE
171
What are the 3 main components of a Nucleotide?
Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base + Posphate group
172
What are the types of Pentose sugar?
Ribose and Deoxy Ribose sugar
173
What is the difference between Nucleotide and Nucleoside?
Nucleoside does not contain PO4 group
174
What bond is present between a Pentose sugar and a Nitrogenous base?
Glycosidic bond
175
Bond present between a Pentose sugar and a PO4 group
Phosphodiester bond
176
What does the 2nd law of Thermodynamics state?
"All spontaneous processes inc the ENTROPY of the process"
177
What is the 1st law of Thermodynamics?
The 1st law is called the 'Principle of Conservation of Energy'
Energy can neither be destroyed nor be created. It can only be converted from one form to another
