Cognosy Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What colour do u get for a positive result in Liebermann burchard?
A
Reddish brown ring in the middle of the 2 liquids
2
Q
What colour do u get for a positive result in Liebermann burchard?
A
Reddish brown ring in the middle of the 2 liquids
3
Q
B.source of Dioscorea
A
Dried tuber and rhizome of different varieties of dioscorea like D.villosa, D.composite, etc.
Family - dioscoracea
4
Q
Precursor of emodin and it’s derv.
A
Beta keto methylenic acid intermediate
5
Q
Precursor of alizarin
A
Mevolonic acid and shikimic acid
6
Q
What compound is derived from phenylalanin
A
Prunacin (cyanogenitic glycoside)
7
Q
What compound is derived from tyrosine
A
Dhurrin
8
Q
Name a compound derived from valine
A
Linamarin
9
Q
How many carbon atoms does a monoterpene have and what isoprene compound is it derived from?
A
C10 compound and geranyl pyrophosphate
10
Q
Examples of monoterpenes
A
Menthol, limonene, geraniol, linalool, alpha pinene, citral
11
Q
What compound is a sesquisterne derived from and how many carbon atoms does it have?
A
Farnesyl pyrophosphate and C15 compound
12
Q
How many carbons does squalene have and what is it derived from?
A
C30 compound and 2(farnesyl pyrophosphate)
13
Q
Examples of sesquisterene
A
Abscissic acid, termerone, santalene, zingiberone
14
Q
Examples of geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and how is it derived?
A
Gibberelin and phyton
(Farnesyl PP + IPP) = C20 compound
15
Q
How are diterpenes formed and some examples
A
2(geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate) - C40 compound
Lycopene, carotenoids and beta carotene
16
Q
How are diterpenes formed and some examples
A
2(geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate) - C40 compound
Lycopene, carotenoids and beta carotene
17
Q
Which compound is considered to be the universal precursor?
A
Isoprene unit (C5)
18
Q
Other name of tetraterpene
A
Phytoene
19
Q
Active forms of isoprene unit
A
IPP & DMAPP
20
Q
What is the colour for a +ve result on legal and Keller kiliani test?
A
Legal - deep red
Keller kiliani - Reddish brown to blue (b/w the junction of the liquids)
21
Q
Synonym for dioscorea
A
Yam
22
Q
B.source of podophyllum
A
Dried roots and rhizomes of P.peltatum and P.hexandrum
Family - berberidaceae
23
Q
What colour does phlobaphene give when reacted with catechol and FeCl3
A
Brownish green
24
Q
Which secondary metabolite can be used as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning?
A
Tannin
25
What is the colour for a +ve result on vannilin Hcl test?
Pink/red
26
What is the precursor of citral and linonene
Linanool
27
In what wavelength do carotenoids absorb light?
400-500nm (visible range)
28
How many double bonds do carotenoids have?
9-11
29
Example of hydrocarbon carotenoid
Beta carotene
30
What are oxygen containing carotenoids called?
Xanthophylls
31
Example of xanthophyll
Lutein
32
Which food has the highest known concentration of Lycopene?
Vietnamese gac fruit
33
Which food hs the highest known concentration of carotene per 100g of serving?
Dried carrots
34
What are the 2 main functions of carotenoids?
1. To absorb light energy
2. To prevent chlorophyll from damage
35
What is the colour of a positive test result in Grignard reaction for cyanogenetic glycosides?
Yellow to brick red (because of the evolution of CN)
36
Colour of a positive result in Cuprocyanate test?
Strip turning blue
37
Give sm examples for cyanogenetic glycosides?
Linamarin, amygdalin, prunacin, dhurrin, latoustralin
38
Synonym of bitter almond
Amygdala amara
39
B.source of Bitter Almond
Air dried ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus
Family - Roseacea
40
What is the nucleus present in iridioid?
Cyclopentano pyran
41
B.source of podophyllum
Dried roots and rhizomes or P.peltatum and P.hexandrum
Family - Berberidaceae
42
What is the colour of a positive test result in Juglone test?
Pink colour
43
Colour obtained for the positive result in carotenoids?
Blue
44
What are the chemical tests specific for Naphthaquinones?
Juglone test and Dam Karrer test
45
Examples of Naphthaquinones
Lawsone, Lapachol, Alpha lapachone, beta lapachone, Juglone, Shikonine, Plumbagin
46
What is the name of Indian Gentian?
Gentiana kurroo
47
Examples of oleo resin
Canada resin, turpentine, ginger
48
Examples of oleo gum resin
Myrrh, asafoetida, gamboage
49
Example of pure resin
Hashish
50
Example of glyco resin
Podophyllum, Jalap
51
Example of balsum
Tolu balsam, Peru balsam, Benzoin, Storax
52
Examples of resinols
Peru balsam (peru resinotanol)
53
Examples of resinic acid
Myrrh (abietic acid) and Colophony (commiphoric acid)
54
Which are the only animals able to produce carotenoids?
Aphids and spider mites
55
How do u differentiate between P.peltatum and P.hexandrum?
Alc. extract + Cu acetate ->
A. Brown colour (P.hexandrum)
B. Green colour w/o ppt. (P.peltatum)
56
How do u differentiate between P.peltatum and P.hexandrum?
Alc. extract + Cu acetate ->
A. Brown colour (P.hexandrum)
B. Green colour w/o ppt. (P.peltatum)
57
What is Ethylene used for?
Fruit rippening
58
What is the Mechanism of action if Ethylene?
It increases the synthesis and release of dissolving compounds like Cellulase.
This leads to fruit rippening and leaf abscission
59
What are the uses of Cytokinin?
1. Promotes growth of lateral bud
2. Promotes cell division along with Auxin
3. Breaks seed dormancy
4. Promotes development of embryo
5. Delays (senescence) or ageing in leaves
60
What is Cytokinin derived from?
Adenine
61
Where is cytokinin produced?
In the roots
62
What are the uses of Ethylene?
1. Increases the cardenolide content in Digitalis lanata
2. Enhances flow of rubber from 30%-130%
3. Increases sennoside content in C.angustifolia
63
Give some examples of the synthetic derv. of Abscissic acid
Malic hydrazide
N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid
(Suppresses auxin production)
64
Write some uses of Mutation
1. Irradiation of Datura species (same proportion of alkaloids)
2. Irradiation of Mentha piperita (Wilt disease resistance)
3. Irradiation of poppy seads (inc. Morphine content by 0.32-0.52%)
65
How can the yield of Capcasin be increased?
By mutation.
By treating Capsicum annum by Na azide and Ethyl methyl sulphonate.
Increases capcasin content by 20-60%
66
What is Palisade ratio?
Average number of palisade cells under each epidermal cell
67
What is Stomatal number?
Average number of stomata per mm² of epidermis
68
Stomatal index
Percentage proportion of number of stomata, from total number of epidermal cells of a leaf
Stomatal Index = [S/(E+S)]*100
69
Vein Islet number
Number of vein islets per mm² calculated from 4 contiguous sq.mm in the central part of lamina, midway between midrib and margin
70
Vein termination number
Number of vein terminations per mm² of leaf surface
71
Give examples for True alkaloids
Morphine, Quinine, Nicotine, Atropine, Ergotamine
72
Give examples for Protoalkaloids
Mescaline, Ephedrine, Yohimbine
73
Give examples for Pseudoalkaloids
Caffeine, Capcaisin, Ephedrine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Theacrine
74
What are True alkaloids and Protoalkaloids also called?
True alkaloids are also called Typical/Heterocyclic alkaloids
Protoalkaloids are also called Atypical/Non-heterocyclic alkaloids
75
Give some examples for Indole Alkaloids
Ergot, Nux-vomica, Physostigma, Vinca, Rawolfia
76
Examples of Phenanthrene/Isoquinoline derivative
Opium, Curare, Ipecacuanha
77
Examples of Tropane alkaloids
Belladonna, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium, Coca leaf
78
Examples of Purine alkaloids
Coffee, Tea, Coca
79
Examples of Quinoline derivative
Cinchona, Camptothea
80
Examples of Phenyl Ethylene amine derv.
Ephedra
81
Examples of Tropolone alkaloid
Colchicum
82
Examples of Imidazole alkaloid
Pilocarpine
83
What is "tropolone" also called?
Cyclo-hepta triene-ol-one ring
84
Examples of Oxygenated Carotenoids
Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Spiralloxanthin
85
Procedure of Carr Price test
(Anhy. SbCl3 dissolved in Chloroform) + Vitamin A
Gives Blue colour which fades immediately
86
Name the 2 types of resin based on how they are produced
1. Normal/Physiological resin (pre-formed or increased when injured):
Eg. Resin of Pinus
2. Abnormal or Pathological resin (occurs only when injured or when incised):
Eg. Benzoin, Tolu balsum
87
Procedure of Juglone test
Chloroformic extract + diethyl ether + d.NH3
PINK COLOUR
88
Procedure of Dam Karrer test
Chloroformic extract + 10% KOH
BLUE COLOUR
89
Procedure of Grignard reagent test
(Powdered drug + moisten it with H2O + H2SO4) in a flask
A filter paper impregnated with Na picrate and NaCO3 - placed on the mouth of the flask
YELLOW TO BRICK RED COLOUR due to the formation of CN gas
90
Procedure if Cuprocyanate test
A filter paper impregnated with guacacium resin in Ethanol
Placed on the mouth of a flask containing powdered drug, H2SO4 and H20
Strip turns BLUE
91
What colour do Naphtaquinones produce in alkaline solution?
Reddish brown colour
92
What are resins?
Amorphous mixtures of essential oils or oxygenated terpenes and some acids (like benzoic acid, salicylic acid, etc)
93
Name some O-glycosides
Digitalis, Senna, Rhubard
94
Name some C-glycosides
Aloe, Cascara
95
What is the solution used for conducting general tests for Aloe?
(0.1% w/v aq. soln of Aloe) + (0.5g) kiesulger ---> mix by gentle heating
96
Procedure of Bromine test of Aloe
Filtrate + freshly prepared bromine soln
PALE YELLOW colour of tetrabromalin
97
Procedure of Shoententest of Aloe
Filtrate + Borax (mix until it is fully dissolved)
Add it into a test tube containing H2O
GREEN FLOURESCENCE
98
99
Modified Borntrager test
(0.1g) drug + (2mL) d.HCl + (2mL) FeCl3 soln of 5%w/v
Boil in a water bath for 10 mins, cool and filter
Extract the filtrate with CCl4
Add equal amount of NH3
PINK COLOUR
100
What colour does Curacao Aloe give for Nitrous acid test?
Pink or carmine
101
What colour does Cape Aloe give for Nitrous acid test?
Faint pink
102
What colour does Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloe give for Nitrous acid test and Klung's Isobarbaloin test?
No change in colour
103
What colour does Curacao Aloe give for Nitric acid test?
Deep brownish red colour
104
What colour does Cape Aloe give for Nitric acid test?
Brownish to green colour
105
What colour does Socotrine Aloe give for Nitric acid test
Pale brownish to yellow colour
106
What colour does Zanzibar Aloe give to Nitric acid test?
Yellowish brown colour
107
What is the Indian variety of Belladona called?
Atropa acuminate
108
Name of the European variety of Belladona
Atropa belladona
109
Procedure of Vitali Morin test
Add fuming HNO3 to the test extract and evaporate to dryness
Add methanolic KOH to the acetone soln of the nitrated residue
VIOLET COLOUR
110
What would be the colour if Opium solution is mixed with FeCl3?
Reddish purple (Due to the presence of meconic acids in opium)
111
What colour would the solution be if Opium is mixed with a small amount t of HNO3?
Orange red colour (due to the presence of morphine)
112
B.source of Asafoetida
Dried latex obtained from incisions made in the roots and rhizomes of Ferula foetida
Family - Umbelliferae
113
B.source of Myrhh
Oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem and branches of Commiphora molmol and other species
Family - Bursaraeceae
114
Synonym of Myrhh
Hirabol
115
Synonym of Asafoetida
Devil's dung, Hing, Gum of the sinksand
116
B.source of Ruta
Fresh and dried leaves of Ruta graveolens
Family - Rutaceae
