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Terms And Names Flashcards

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1
Q

Ostwald rippening

A

Dissolution of small ppts and their re-precipitation on the surface of large crystals.
Occurs during the process of digestion in Gravimetry

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2
Q

Mother liquor

A

The solution in which the precipitate has been formed

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3
Q

What is the Von Weimarn equation?

A

(Q-S)/S

Q - conc. of reagents before pption
S - solubility of the ppt. at equilibrium

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4
Q

Coagulation

A

Colloidal particles coming together to form larger particles that eventually settle as residue or float on the surface

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5
Q

Co-precipitation

A

Compounds that are originally soluble in the mother liquor, get precipitated along with the desired ppt.

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6
Q

What is meant by Mixed crystal formation?

A

The contaminant ion, of almost the same size and charge as that of the desired ion, replaces it in the precipitate

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7
Q

Occlusion

A

When a crystal is growing rapidly during ppt. formation, foreign ions in the counter ion layer may become trapped/occluded within the growing crystal

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8
Q

Mechanical entrapment

A

It occurs when crystals lie close together during growth. Several crystals grow together and in doing so, a portion of the solution gets trapped in a tiny pocket

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9
Q

What is the difference between co-pption and post-pption?

A

Co-ppt. - Occurs while crystal growth is occurring

Post-pption - process where impurities get adsorbed onto the surface of the required ppt. (Occurs after the required ppt has been formed)

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10
Q

What is Poidy?

A

Number of sets of chromosomes present in a cell

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11
Q

What is Genome?

A

Haploid set of chromosomes present in a gamete

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12
Q

Polypoidy

A

Condition in which the organism has an extra pair of chromosomes in it’s gamete

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13
Q

What is Redox?

A

Reduction (gain of electron) + oxidation (loss of electron)

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14
Q

What is Population?

A

Total number of people involved in an experiment

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15
Q

What is meant by Sample?

A

Subset of population?

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16
Q

What is Descriptive statistics?

A

Used to measure or describe the data

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17
Q

What is Inferential statistics?

A

Used to make inferences in an experiment

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18
Q

What is Central tendency?

A

The average value or mean value of the data

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19
Q

What is meant by Variability?

A

The difference between individual values from the mean value

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20
Q

What is sample denoted by?

A

X bar

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21
Q

What is population denoted by?

A

Mu

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22
Q

What is meant by Skewness or Skewd distribution?

A

A graph based on the variation or difference between mean, median and mode

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23
Q

What is meant by Unimodel distribution?

A

One number is repeated most number of times

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24
Q

What is meant by Bimodel distribution?

A

2 or more numbers are repeated most number times in a specific data

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25
What is meant by Multi-model distribution?
Multiple numbers are repeated most number of times in a specific data
26
What is meant by Kurtosis?
Degree of difference in the variation of mean, median and mode from the central tendency
27
What is other name of +ve kurtosis?
Leptokurtic (diff between mean, median and mode is very neglibible)
28
What is the other name of Normal distribution?
Mesokurtic
29
What is the other name of -ve kurtosis?
Platykurtic (huge variation between mean, median and mode)
30
What is the relation between variance and standard deviation?
Root(variance) = standard deviation
31
What is Scattered plot for?
Determining the relationship between 2 variables
32
What is Bar Graph for?
For representing discrete data
33
What is Pie chart for?
For expressing fraction and proportions
34
What is Histogram for?
For representing continuous data
35
What is Response surface plot for?
For representing 2 independent variables and one dependant variable
36
What is Contour plot for?
For representing 2 independent variables against each other
37
What is Co-relation and Regression for?
To quantify the strength of relationship between 2 variables
38
What is Regression analysis?
Analysing the relationship between x/y or x/y/z by drawing a line
39
What constitutes a large sample?
More than 30 people
40
What constitutes a small sample size?
Less than 30
41
What is meant by Parameter?
Data collected from a population
42
What is meant by Statistics?
Data collected from a sample
43
What is meant by Margin of Error?
Degree to which your results differ from the true values
44
What is Glass transition temperature?
It is the temperature at which glass goes from a rigid, glassy state to a flexible, rubbery texture
45
What is Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC)?
It is a method used to measure the flow of heat into and out of a sample
46
How can one detect glass transition?
When glass undergoes transition, there would be a "difference in it's heat capacity"
47
What is X-ray differactometry used for?
To determine crystal texture
48
What is Solution calorimetry used for?
To measure the change in heat when a solute is dissolved in a solvent
49
What are the two main systems used for pharmaceutical calculations?
Imperial system and Metric system
50
What are the two types of calculations that can be done by using Imperial and Metric system?
They can be used to calculate: 1. Weight 2. Capacity
51
What are the 2 categories that fall under Imperial system for calculating weight?
Avordupois and Apothecaries system
52
What is the standard unit of Avordupois system?
Pounds (lb)
53
What is the standard unit for Apothecaries system?
Grain
54
When was the usage of Metric system adopted by the Indian Pharmacopoeia?
1st April, 1964
55
1 drop = ____ mL and ____ minim
1 drop = 0.06mL 1 drop = 1 minim
56
I teaspoon = ____ mL = ____ fl. drachm
1 teaspoon = 4 mL 1 teaspoon = 1 fl.drachm
57
1 dessert spoonful = ____ mL and ____fl.drachm
1 dessert spoonful = 8 mL 1 dessert spoonful = 2 fl.drachm
58
1 tablespoon = _____ mL and ____ fl.drachm
15mL and 4 fl.drachm
59
2 tablespoons = _____ fl.ounce
1 fl.ounce
60
I wineglassful = ___ mL = ___ fl.ounce
60 mL and 2 fl.ounce
61
1 teacup full = ___ mL = ____ fl.ounce
120mL and 4 fl.ounce
62
1 tumbler full = ____ mL = ____ fl.ounce
240 mL and 8 fl.ounce
63
Polymorphism
Ability of a substance to crystallize in one or more crystal species with different lattice Eg - Carbon is found in it's CUBIC state in Diamond and HEXAGONAL state in Graphite
64
What is Enantiotropic Polymorphism?
A substance goes from it's Metastable state to stable state Eg - Sulpher
65
What method is used to differentiate between Crystalline and Amorphous compounds?
X-ray powder diffraction
66
Compare Amorphous and Crystalline substances based on: 1. Stability 2. Dissolution rates
1. Stability of Amorphous > Crystalline 2. Dissolution rate of Hydrate or Amorphous > Crystalline
67
What is the requirement of a drug for good therapeutic efficacy?
pH = 1-8 at 37°C
68
When is a substance considered "poorly soluble"?
When it's solubility is <10 mg/dL (When it's solubility is between 1-10mg/dL, the formation of a salt form is considered to improve solubility)
69
What are the conditions under which Intrinsic solubility should be tested?
4°C - for physical and chemical stability testing 37°C - for biopharmaceutical evaluation
70
What is meant by Intrinsic Dissolution?
Dissolution rate of a solid in it's own solution
71
Avicel is the brand name for...
Micro-crystalline Cellulose (MCC) 1. PH 101 (powder form) 2. Ph 102 (granule form)
72
SMCC
Silicified MCC
73
Di-tab or ENCOMPRESS
Dibasic CaPO⁴
74
75
Name some Diluents and their benefits and problems
1. Alpha lactose monohydrate (it undergoes discolouration with AMINES AND ALKALINE SUB. by Browning and Maillard reaction) 2. Spray dried lactose (undergoes darkening because of EXCESS MOISTURE, DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF FURFURALDEHYDE) 3. Anhy. Lactose - doesn't undergo Millard's reaction (DIRECTLY COMPRESSIBLE) 4. Mannitol - ISOMER OF SORBITOL (moisture may cause problems
76
What is Capping?
Top or bottom (or both) parts of a tablet separate from it's body
77
What is Lamination?
Separation of a tablet into 2 or more horizontal layers
78
What is Chipping?
Breaking of tablet edges
79
What is Cracking?
Small, fine cracks observed in the top, bottom or very rarely, on the side walls of the tablets
80
What is meant by Blooming?
A condition where the colour of the tablet becomes dull immediately or after prolonged storage
81
What is meant by Picking?
Small amount of material from a tablet sticking outside
82
Hygroscopic powders
Substances that absorb water
83
Deliquescent powders
Substances that absorb water to the extent where the powder dissolves in water
84
Efflorescent powders
Substances which become sticky or pasty upon the loss of water. They are usually composed of crystalline substances like Alum, Citric acid, Atropine and Caffiene Eg - Na²SO⁴
85
Eutectic mixture
A specific combination of substances that melt, liquify or solidify in a single, lower temperature than either of the substances individually or in any other ratio
86
What is Langmuir Isotherm?
It is an equation used to describe the equation between ADSORBENT and ADSORBATE. Properties: 1. It is monolayer thick 2. Homogenous surface 3. No interactions between absorbent and adsorbate 4. Exhibits IDEAL GAS behaviour
87
What is the Afbau principle?
The electrons first occupy the orbitals having lower energy, before moving onto ones with higher energy Eg - s, p, d, f
88
What is Pauli's Exclusion principle?
It states that electrons can occupy the SAME ORBITAL, provided, they have OPPOSITE SPINS
89
What does Hund's principle state?
Electrons will occupy the degenerate orbitals before PAIRING UP
90
What is Bernoulli's principle about?
It states that, the SPEED of a fluid is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to pressure. It is valid for Incompressible fluids Static pressure in a tube + Dynamic pressure of fluid flow = Total pressure
91
What is Reynold's principle about?
It is considered for a Newtonian lubricant. This eqn governs the pressure difference within a thin, viscous fluid system
92
What is Hagen Poiseulle eqn?
It describes 'the pressure drop due to the viscosity of a fluid'.
93
What is the Fanning equation?
It is an equation to QUANTIFY FRICTION LOSS

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