biochem

Question 1

def of matter

Answer 1

everything around us
has mass
occupies space

Question 2

def of atoms

Answer 2

small particles of matter

Question 3

what is an element made of

Answer 3

1 type of atom

Question 4

how many elements in body

Answer 4

26

Question 5

4 major elements in body

Answer 5

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Question 6

protons charge

Answer 6

+

Question 7

neutrons charge

Answer 7

0

Question 8

electrons charge

Answer 8

-

Question 9

location of protons

Answer 9

nucleus of atom

Question 10

location of protons

Answer 10

nucleus of atom

Question 11

location of electron

Answer 11

electron shell

Question 12

mass of proton, electron, nrutron

Answer 12

proton 1
neutron 1
electron - no mass

Question 13

what is a stable element

Answer 13

equal no of protons, neutrons, electrons

overall neutral charge

Question 14

what does atomic no tell us about a neutral element

Answer 14

no of protons and neutrons

Question 15

how do you work out the no of electrons from the mass no

Answer 15

mass no - atomic no = electron no

Question 16

in periodic table mass or atomic no is always bigger

Answer 16

mass

Question 17

C 6, 12, how many P, E, N

Answer 17

6 P & N, 6 E

Question 18

H2, 3, how many P, E, N

Answer 18

2 P, 2 E, 1 N

Question 19

Cl 35, 17 how many P, E, N

Answer 19

17 P & E, 18 N

Question 20

atoms of same element with diff no.s of neutrons in nucleus are called

Answer 20

Isotopes

Question 21

do Isotopes have same charge & mass

Answer 21

same charge

different mass

Question 22

Why does Chlorine in periodic table have atomic mass of 35.5

Answer 22

is average of two isotopes

Question 23

the bonding properties of an element depend on what

Answer 23

no. electrons in outer shell

electron shells like to be full!

Question 24

process of giving/gaining electrons is

Answer 24

ionisation

Question 25

removal of electrons is

Answer 25

oxidation

Question 26

what happens to potential energy in oxidation

Answer 26

decreased

Question 27

most oxidation is a removal of

Answer 27

hydrogen

Question 28

removal of H is what reaction

Answer 28

dehydrogenation

Question 29

gaining electrons is what

Answer 29

reduction reduced

Question 30

what happens to energy in reduction

Answer 30

increased

Question 31

If a molecule gains H it is usually what

Answer 31

reduced

Question 32

oxidation + reduction is what reaction

Answer 32

redox reaction

Question 33

what are free raducals

Answer 33

molecules/compounds with unpaired electron in outer shell

Question 34

how to free radicals cause damage

Answer 34

cause oxidation as steal other electrons, leaving other molecules with unpaired electrons - a chain reaction of oxidative damage

Question 35

where do free radicals come from

Answer 35

``` aerobic respiration inflammation X rays smoking alcohol etc ```

Question 36

how do chain-breaking antioxidants work

Answer 36

by donating electrons to free radicals, converting them to harmless molecules

Question 37

4 ex chain-breaking antioxidants

Answer 37

Vit A, E Betacarotene Glutathione

Question 38

2 main types of bond

Answer 38

Electrocovalance/ionic (electron donation) | Covalent (electron sharing)

Question 39

Electron pulling power is known as

Answer 39

electronegativity

Question 40

2 electro-negative elements

Answer 40

oxygen | nitrogen

Question 41

what are polar bonds

Answer 41

electronegative element joins with a different element pulls electrons toward them uneven charge

Question 42

what type of bonds do hydrophilic molecules have

Answer 42

polar - dissolve easily in water (alcohol)

Question 43

what type of bonds do hydrophobic molecules have

Answer 43

non-polar covalent - don't dissolve | fats

Question 44

what is an electrolyte

Answer 44

ionic compound dissolved in a solution

Question 45

3 reasons why electrolytes are important to the body

Answer 45

conduction of electricity essential for nerve/muscle function exert osmotic pressure, essential for water balance can act as pH buffers

Question 46

what is an acid

Answer 46

substance that releases H+ ions in solution

Question 47

what is a base

Answer 47

substance binds to H ions in a solution creating OH-

Question 48

H+ low pH

Answer 48

Acid

Question 49

OH- high pH

Answer 49

base

Question 50

how is acidity measured

Answer 50

by no of Hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 51

what pH is water

Answer 51

neutral | pH 7

Question 52

Acid + Base =

Answer 52

salt + water

Question 53

how do buffers work

Answer 53

some bind to H+ others bind to OH- prevent damaging changes in pH

Question 54

Is energy ever lost

Answer 54

no. will only change state

Question 55

where is chemical energy stored

Answer 55

in bonds between atoms

Question 56

4 states of matter

Answer 56

solid liquid gas plasma

Question 57

solid shape/volume

Answer 57

definite shape and volume

Question 58

liquid shape/volume

Answer 58

definite volume, shape of container

Question 59

gases shape/volume

Answer 59

indefinite shape/volume

Question 60

solid particles

Answer 60

fixed close together vibrate

Question 61

liquid particles

Answer 61

mobile close together move slowly

Question 62

gases particles

Answer 62

far apart | move fast

Question 63

changes of state occur with

Answer 63

addition of energy

Question 64

chemical reactions, starting materials:

Answer 64

reactants

Question 65

chemical reactions end products:

Answer 65

products

Question 66

how does endothermic reaction work

Answer 66

takes in heat | uses heat for energy

Question 67

how does exothermic reaction work

Answer 67

releases heat

Question 68

what is energy of activation

Answer 68

min. temp. req. for chemical reaction

Question 69

how does catalyst work

Answer 69

speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy

Question 70

what act antagonistically to catalysts

Answer 70

inhibitors

Question 71

anabolic reactions do what

Answer 71

build up take in heat endothermic

Question 72

catabolic reactions do what

Answer 72

breakdown release heat/energy exothermic

Question 73

when water catabolises molecule it is what reaction

Answer 73

hydrolysis reaction

Question 74

when water is a waste product of a reaction its a

Answer 74

dehydration synthesis reaction

Question 75

when synthesis and decomposition in same reaction it is a

Answer 75

exchange reaction

Question 76

are some chemical reactions also reversible

Answer 76

yes