Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 5, 6 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 5, 6 Flashcards

(124 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe the classification of plants?

A

Domain eukarya, multicellular, autototrophs, kingdom plantae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why does being stationary create problems for plants?

A

It is difficult to reproduce and resist predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O+ sunlgiht = glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what was the first problem plants had when moving to land?

A

Gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How did plants solve the problem of gravity?

A

they grew very close to the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the second problem plants had when moving to land?

A

Dessication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how did plants solve the problem of dessication?

A

they developed an outer waxy layer called a cuticle that covered the entire surface and there was less of a chance of dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nonvascular plants?

A

plants that have no vascular tissues such as roots, big leaves, xylem, or phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are vascular plants?

A

has roots, big leaves, xylem, and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an example of nonvascular plants?

A

moss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the common characteristics of nonvascular plants?

A

Distribute water/nutrients through diffusion
Release haploid spores while growing and producing gametes
life cycle with multiceullar haploid and diploid phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is moss important to soil?

A

It covers the soil so there is less wind erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the common characteristics of vascular seedless plants?

A

distribute water/nutrients through vascular system
release haploid spores which are dispersed in the wind and grow to produce gametes
life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the xylem

A

it is responsible for transporting water and certain nutrients from the root to the rest of the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the phloem

A

it carries soluble organic material food for the plant, which is produced in the leaves by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure of seed fertilization

A

fertilization produces a diploid seed, which contains a multicellular embryo and a store of carbohydrate to fuel its initial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the growth of seeds like

A

a seedling draws energy from the endosperm while it extends its leaves upward to begin photosynthesis and its roots downward into the soil to reach water and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the common characteristics of gymosperms

A

vascular system
reproductive structures called cones produce the gametes
fertilization produces seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the groups of gymnosperms

A

conifers
cycads
gnetophytes
gingko

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are conifers

A

most commonly found in colder temperate and sometimes drier regions of the world
commonly have needle shaped leaves
importance source of timber
includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, cypresses etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are cycads

A

slower growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropcial regions
most resemble palm trees
several species are facing extinction in the wild

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are gnetophytes

A

like ephedra

shrub like plants good for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are ginkgo

A

gingko biloba is the only remaining species
distinctive fan shaped leaves
the outer covering of the seeds emits a foul odor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the male cone like

A

it releases pollen grains that require wind to reach a female cone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the female cone
it has ovules on the protruding scales | they produce seeds when fertilized by pollen
26
what are the common characteristics of angiosperms
vascular produce flowers, which produce gametes seeds are enclosed within an ovule
27
what are the two structures of the flower in reproduction
stamen - male, and carpel - female
28
what are some strategies for attracting pollinators
trickery | bribery
29
how do plants use trickery in order to attract pollinators
some plants deceive animals into carrying pollen from one plant to another
30
how do plants use bribery to attract pollinators?
some plants offer something of value to an animal, bribing the animal to carry pollen from one plant to another (bees)
31
how does white attract
nocturnal pollinators such as moths and bats
32
how do bright colors attract
visually oriented diurnal pollinators such as birds, butterflies, and bees
33
describe the evolution of flowers and their pollinators
tube: allows for long tongues such as moths | intricate/closed: pollinators such as bees
34
what does the sweet odor attract
pollinators with a good sense of smell such as moths, butterflies, and bees
35
what does the stinky odor attract
pollinators looking for rotten meat on which to lay eggs scuh as flies
36
what does no odor attract
pollinators with a poor sense of smell such as birds
37
what does abundant nectar attract
pollinators with high energy needs such as bees, birds, and butterflies
38
what does absent nectar attract
pollinators such as flies, looking for a place to lay eggs, or such as beetles, looking for petals, pollen, and other parts to eat
39
how do some seeds hitch a ride on moving objects?
some seeds have spines or projections that attach them to moving animals in order to fertilize
40
plants are
photosynthetic eukaryotes
41
plants were derived from
green algea
42
invading the land was difficult for plants to adapt for several reason so they underwent a number of adaptations such as
roots, stems, leaves, and seeds
43
what are the early vascular plants called
tracheophytes
44
what type of plant is more organized
vascular
45
what are the two types of seed bearing tracheophytes
gymnosperms and angiosperms
46
what are flowering plants called
angiosperms
47
how do angiosperms have special adaptations
to attract pollinators with bright colored flowers, fruits are useful in dispersal of their seeds
48
Which is the best brief description of the vascular system of the very first terrestrial plants?
The first plants did not develop a vascular system
49
Both mosses and ferns must have freestanding water present in order to fulfill their requirements for fertilization. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this?
Both mosses and ferns have motile male gametes that require water to travel to the female gametes
50
Ferns possess all of the following:
embryos, cuticles, leaves, roots, but NOT SEEDS
51
Early seed plants were pollinated by
the wind
52
What is endosperm?
A food storing tissue of the seed
53
A seed is
An embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating A mature ovule
54
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
They are pollinated by the wind
55
In angiosperms, the ____ are specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg
Flowers
56
The stamens of a flowering plant are broken down into two separate parts, the long stalk like structure is the ____ and the pollen producing bodies on the tips are the ______
Filament | Anthers
57
Which of the following is the most diverse group of plants?
Angiosperms
58
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the inside to the outside of a complete flower?
Carpels, stamens, petals, sepals
59
Which of the following lists correctly represents the order of evolutionary events in the history of plants from earliest to most recent in time
Roots, vascular tissue, pollen, flowers
60
What is the difference between vascular and non vascular plants
Vascular plants have roots, big leaves, a xylem, phloem, they are taller, and they have more distribution. Non-vascular plants do not have roots, big leaves, xylem, phloem, they are short, and they live on wet lands
61
What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms: first seed plants evolved after seedless vascular plants, the cones are their reproductive structure Angiosperms: they have flowers as reproductive structures, they have fruits that are attracting pollinators and also are means for distribution of seeds in different environments, the most evolved form of plants, the largest group of plants, more than 250,000 species, better chance of adaption and survival
62
What are carbohydrates
hydrated carbon | includes sugars and starches
63
how are carbohydrates classified
according to size and solubility
64
what are monosaccharides
the smallest unit of carbyohdyrate structure | simple sugars
65
What are disaccharides
two monosaccharide sugars
66
what are polysaccharides
many sugars
67
what is an example of simple sugars
pentose and hexose
68
what are pentose sugars
deoxyribose and ribose | important part of the structure of DNA, RNA, ATP
69
what are hexose sugars
the nutritional sugar such as glucose and fructose
70
what is the general formula for monosaccharides
(CH20)n
71
What is glucose
hexose | the main energy supplying molecule of the body that carries sugar in our blood
72
What is sucrose
disaccharide glucose and fructose energy supply
73
what is lactose
disaccharide glucose and galactose energy supply
74
What does your body go through to combine glucose and fructuse
dehydration synthesis. produces sucrose and water
75
what does your body go through to break apart sucrose
sucrose plus water creates glucose and fructose through hydrolysis
76
what are polysaccharides
polymers of many monosachcharides
77
what is glycogen
storage carbohydrates of animals
78
what is starch
the storage carbohydrate of plants
79
what is cellulose
dietary fiber present in plant foods | polysaccharide
80
How are starch and glycogen similar?
they are both polymers of glucose, differing only in the degree of branching
81
are lipids soluble in water
no
82
what are the 3 groups of lipids
triglycerides phospholipids steroids
83
what are triglycerides
the body's most highly concentrated source of energy | 2x the energy of carbs and proteins
84
what is the structure of triglycerides
3 fatty acids chains attached to glycerol
85
what are saturated fatty acids
each carbon atom is saturated with hydrogen atoms there are only single bonds present straight chains are solid at room temperature
86
what are unsaturated fatty acids
a hydrogen has been removed to form a double bond making a kink in the chain to produce a liquid at room temperature
87
what are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids
monounsaturated - one double bond | polyunsaturated - more than one double bond
88
what are essential fatty acids
omega 3, omega 6 cis fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body but are required in the diet and therefore are essential
89
what are phospholipids
modified triglycerides | major component in cell membrane
90
what is the structure of phospholipids
they are amphipathic meaning they have a non polar hydrophobic region and a polar hydrophilic region. they have a phosphate group attached to fatty acid tails
91
what is the structure of steroids
4 rings of carbon atoms | cholesterole - synthesized in the liver
92
what are the different functions of steroids
hormones vitamin D cholesterol bile salts for digestions
93
fats are classified based on
the presence of doulbe bonds in their fatty acid chains
94
what elements does protein have
C H O N (S, P)
95
what are the building block of proteins
amino acids
96
what is the structure of amino acids
amino base, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R)
97
how is a peptide formed
dehydration synthesis
98
how many structures are there in proteins
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
99
what are the functions of proteins
``` structural regulatory immunological transport contractile catalytic ```
100
what are the elements in nucleic acids
C H O N P
101
nucleic acids consist of long chains of subunits called
nucleotides
102
what are two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
103
what is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA: double stranded, contains deoxyribones, hereditary material, blueprint for the synthesis of all protein RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, carries info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, controls how proteins are made, 3 different types
104
What two letters of DNA go together
A-T, C-G
105
what two letters of RNA go together
A-U, C-G
106
what is ATP
carries energy in phosphate bonds | when the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, a lot fo energy is released and used in cellular metabolism
107
what is NAD
co-enzyme derived from the B vitamin used to carry hydrogen atoms during the chemical reactions that occur during the synthesis of ATP
108
what is the function of DNA
store and transmit genetic info
109
what is the purpose of RNA
carries genetic info from the nucleus to cytoplasm
110
ATP is composed of
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
111
NAD is composed of
two ribonucleotides with different nitrogen bases: nicotinamide and adenine
112
NAD functions in the exchange of
hydrogen atoms during metabolic processess
113
which of the following are all monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
114
glucose that circulates in your blood has one of three fates, it is used to fuel cellular activities, it can be converted into fat, or it can be
stored temporarily as glycogen
115
a complex polymer built of monosaccharides is called a
polysaccharide
116
glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as
polysaccharides
117
sucrose and lactose are examples of
disaccharides
118
what is an example of a polysaccharide
celluose, the primary component of a plant cell wall
119
all lipids are
not soluable in water
120
an unsaturated fatty acid is one in which
carbon carbon double bonds are present in the hydocarbon chain
121
saturated fatty acids have ____ than unsuatrated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ___ at room temperature
fewer double bonds | solid
122
a complete protein is
one that contains all of the essential amino acids
123
DNA is made up of
nucleotides
124
what are the three components of a deoxynucleotide
Phosphate group deoxyribose nitrogenous organic base

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions