Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 9

Question 1

what is the immune system all animals have

Answer 1

innate immunity

Question 2

what is the first barrier of the immune system

Answer 2

innate immunity

Question 3

what are some examples of barrier defenses

Answer 3

skin mucus, body fluids, low ph of the skin and digestive system

Question 4

what is the second barrier of the immune system

Answer 4

adaptive

Question 5

what are the different types of phagocyctic cells

Answer 5

neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
dendritic cells

Question 6

what does interferon do

Answer 6

they are proteins that provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages

Question 7

what do the complement systems do

Answer 7

cause lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

Question 8

what happens during the inflammatory response

Answer 8

the mast cells release histamine which promotes changes in blood vessels to increase local blood supply

Question 9

what is a fever

Answer 9

a systemic inflammatory response

Question 10

what is septic shock

Answer 10

an overwhelming inflammatory response

Question 11

what are natural killer cells

Answer 11

the cells that attack the damaged cells that no longer express the MHC protein

Question 12

adaptive immunity occurs only in

Answer 12

vertebrates

Question 13

adaptive immunity relies on what kind of cells

Answer 13

T and B cells

Question 14

B cells develop and mature in the

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

T cells develop in the bone marrow but mature in the

Answer 15

thymus glad

Question 16

white blood cells recognize and respond to

Answer 16

antigens, foreign molecules

Question 17

what are the two branches of acquired immunity

Answer 17

humoral and cell mediated

Question 18

what is the humoral response

Answer 18

involves activation and clonal section of B cells resulting in production of antibodies

Question 19

what is cell mediated immune response

Answer 19

involves activation of T cells

Question 20

what are cytokines

Answer 20

secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells to recruit and activate lymphocytes

Question 21

what does immunisation do

Answer 21

induces primary immune response and immunological memory

Question 22

passive immunity is transferred from

Answer 22

mother to child

Question 23

what are polyclonal antibodies

Answer 23

products of B cells

Question 24

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

prepared from B cells grown in culture

Question 25

what is IgA do

Answer 25

passive immunity

Question 26

what does IgE do

Answer 26

histamine production, allergies

Question 27

what does igD do

Answer 27

B cells

Question 28

innate immunity is activated

Answer 28

immediately upon infection

Question 29

engulfing phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

Answer 29

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells but not natural killer cells

Question 30

an inflammation causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

Answer 30

histamine

Question 31

a systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

Answer 31

septic shock

Question 32

salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

Answer 32

the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages

Question 33

the complement system is

Answer 33

a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

Question 34

the cells and signaling molecules that initate inflammatory responses are

Answer 34

the mast cells and histamines

Question 35

inflammatory responses typically include

Answer 35

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Question 36

bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

Answer 36

activates a group of proteins called complement

Question 37

an invertebrate such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

Answer 37

lysozyme

Question 38

septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

Answer 38

certain bacterial infections

Question 39

adaptive immunity depends on

Answer 39

pathogen-specific recognition

Question 40

bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Answer 40

toll like receptors that bind to liopolysaccharides

Question 41

a key part of the humoral immune response is

Answer 41

the production of antibodies by plasma cells

Question 42

the receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Answer 42

antigens

Question 43

antigens are

Answer 43

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

Question 44

a newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Answer 44

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells

Question 45

secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

Answer 45

memory cells

Question 46

the MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

Answer 46

distinguish self from non-self

Question 47

a patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections probably has a disorder in his

Answer 47

T cells

Question 48

the activation of helper T cells is likely

Answer 48

when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell

Question 49

immunological memory accounts for

Answer 49

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Question 50

the function of antibodies is to

Answer 50

mark pathogenic cells for destruction

Question 51

the cell mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

Answer 51

cytotoxic T cells

Question 52

which of the following cells are involved in cell mediated immunity and also respond to Class 1 MHC molecule antigen complexes

Answer 52

cytotoxic T cells

Question 53

the cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors are

Answer 53

natural killer cells

Question 54

a cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell mediated immune pathways is a

Answer 54

helper T cell

Question 55

antibodies of the different classes differ from each other

Answer 55

in their heavy chain structure

Question 56

the primary function of humoral immunity is

Answer 56

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens

Question 57

naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

Answer 57

placental transfer of antibodies

Question 58

in active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

Answer 58

the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen

Question 59

infection with HIV typically

Answer 59

increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection

Question 60

the transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

Answer 60

the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells

Question 61

an immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

Answer 61

MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules

Question 62

in the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

Answer 62

an autoimmune disease

Question 63

an example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Answer 63

the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins

Question 64

preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Answer 64

blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells

Question 65

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should be first treated with

Answer 65

antihistamines

Question 66

a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common

Answer 66

an increase in the levels of IgE