Biochemistry Of Microbial Growth (Chapter 7 + 3) Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
All living cells can-
A
Grow, Reproduce, Metabolize, and Respond to their environment
2
Q
Break down molecules to use to build the molecules needed in the cell =
A
Metabolize
3
Q
How can a living cell respond to their environment?
A
Detect chemical + physical properties and adjust to promote survival
4
Q
Growth and reproduction mean the same thing whenever talking about microbes.
True or false?
A
True
5
Q
An increase in a population of microbes (due to reproduction) =
A
An increase in microbe growth
6
Q
What are the results of microbial growth?
A
Discrete Colony + Biofilm
7
Q
An aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell =
A
Discrete Colony
8
Q
Collection of microbes living on a surface in a complex community =
A
Biofilm
9
Q
Organisms use a variety of what for their energy needs + to build organic molecules and cellular structures?
A
Nutrients
10
Q
Most abundant elements in cells (Macronutrients) =
A
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
11
Q
Macronutrients make up how much of the dry weight of cells?
A
99%
12
Q
Are Trace Elements the same thing as Micronutrients?
A
Yea
13
Q
Name off the nutrients that organisms need in very small/ trace amounts
A
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Calcium
Molybdenum
Copper
Cobalt
Manganese
14
Q
Many kinds of micronutrients are needed by enzymes so that what can be carried out?
A
Metabolism
15
Q
The 4 most abundant elements in living matter =
A
Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hidrogen
16
Q
The 4 most abundant elements in living matter are able to form strong bonds with other atoms to create -
A
Molecules
17
Q
Organic molecules contain-
A
Carbon + Hydrogen Atoms
18
Q
What are living things made of?
A
Organic Molecules
19
Q
Inorganic molecules can contain carbon or hydrogen but not both.
True or false?
A
True
20
Q
Functional groups combine with carbon chains to form large biomolecules called-
A
Macromolecules
21
Q
What are the 4 types of macromolecules of life?
A
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
22
Q
Guess the macromolecule!
Function = Energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects
A
Carbohydrates
23
Q
Guess the macromolecule!
Function = Energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments
A
Lipids
24
Q
Guess the macromolecule!
Function = Storage + Transfer of genetic info
A
Nucleic Acids
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Guess the macromolecule!
Function = Enzymes, structure, receptors, transport, structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extracellular matrix
Proteins
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Besides lipids, macromolecules are made from smaller molecules that act as “building blocks”. What are these molecules called?
Monomers
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When many monomers get linked together =
Polymer
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Lipids are mostly made of-
Carbon + Hydrogen
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Aside from carbon and hydrogen, lipids can also contain-
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
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Source of nutrients, energy storage, structural of cell parts/ products =
Lipid Functions in the Cell
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Fatty Acids + Triglycerides are both examples of-
Lipids
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A type of lipid with long-chain hydrocarbons that end with a carboxylic acid functional group =
Fatty Acids
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Water fearing / non-polar =
Hydrophobic
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Are fatty acids hydrophobic?
Yes
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2 types of fatty acids =
Saturated + Unsaturated
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If a fatty acid is saturated, then that means that all of the bonds to carbons in the fatty acid chain are-
Single bonds
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When does a single bond occur?
When 2 atoms share one pair of electrons
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An unsaturated fatty acid has places in its fatty acid chain where what kind of bond causes a bend in the fatty acid tail?
A Double Bond
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When does a double bond occur?
When 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
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Carbon can make up to how many bonds/ double bonds?
4 Single Bonds or 2 Double Bonds
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A naturally occurring, 3-carbon odorless liquid =
Glycerol
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When are triglycerides formed?
When 3 fatty acids are chemically linked to a molecule of glycerol
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Triglycerides are considered to be what kind of lipids?
Simple Lipids
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Why are triglycerides considered to be simple lipids?
Because just two compounds are required to make one (Glycerol + Fatty Acids)
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Excellent sources of energy and are usually found as body fat in humans + animals =
Tryglicerides
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When triglycerides are found in microbes, they are used as an-
Energy Source
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These are considered to be complex lipids =
Phospholipids
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How many components do phospholipids have?
More than 2
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What are the components that make up a phospholipid?
A Phosphate Group + Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chains
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Only how many fatty acid chains can be present in a phospholipid?
2
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Why can only 2 fatty acid chains be present in a phospholipid? It’s because the-
Glycerol molecule is already busy interacting with the phosphate group
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Phospholipids have what kind of head?
A Hydrophilic Head
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Phospholipids have what kind of tails?
Hydrophobic Tails
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The molecular composition of bacterial + eukaryotic cell membranes is similar to -
Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes
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What region of a phospholipid is made of fatty acid chains and is repelled by water?
The Hydrophobic Region
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What region of the phospholipid is made of glycerophosphate + a variety of other functional groups and is attracted to water?
The Hydrophilic Region
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Because the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid is attracted to water and the hydrophobic region is repelled by water, the hydrophilic regions face the extracellular environment + cell cytoplasm which forms a-
Phospholipid Bilayer
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Where are phospholipids found in cells?
The Cell Membrane
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The Cell Membrane can also be called the-
Plasma Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane
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Inner contents of a cell =
Cytoplasm
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Membrane that separates the inner contents of the cell (cytoplasm) from the external environment =
The Cell Membrane
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The Cell Membrane is a major component of what is known as the-
Cell Envelope in Bacteria
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The Outer-Membrane is only a part of the cell envelope in-
Gram Negative Bacteria
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The structures of a cell that are more external than the Cell Membrane + Cell Wall + Outer-Membrane (Only for gram negative bacteria) are all considered to be-
Not a part of the cell envelope
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Along with the cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane, name a major component of the prokaryotic cell envelope =
Glyocalyx
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A series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm + govern the cellular interactions with the external environment =
Cell Envelope
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Provides structure + Shape to the cell =
Cell Envelope
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Protects from osmotic forces (otherwise the cell would burst) =
Cell Envelope
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Aids in attachment to other cells =
Cell Envelope
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Can help some bacteria resist anti-microbial drugs =
Cell Envelope
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Allows import + export of materials in a cell =
Cell Envelope
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Surrounds cytoplasm, separating it from the environment =
Cytoplasmic Membranes
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Cytoplasmic Membranes are beneath the-
Glycocalyx + Cell Wall
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Cytoplasmic membranes are also called-
Cell Membranes or Plasma Membranes
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What are cytoplasmic membranes made of?
50% Phospholipids
50% Proteins
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The Phospholipid Bilayer is a structure of a-
Cytoplasmic Membrane
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Describes our current understanding of cell membrane structure =
Fluid Mosaic Model
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According to the fluid mosaic model, what do membranes have?
Movement
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Dotted with various proteins =
Mosaic
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Proteins + Lipids are free to flow laterally within the membrane =
Fluid
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Membranes don’t just stay in one fixed spot.
True or false?
True
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The Cytoplasmic Membrane is -
Selectively Permeable
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Allows some things to enter the cell while preventing others =
Cytoplasmic Membrane
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The Cytoplasmic Membrane is naturally-
Impermeable to most substances
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Ions and molecules with an electric charge are repelled by-
The Cytoplasmic Membrane
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Can large molecules pass through the cytoplasmic membrane?
No
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The Phospholipid head is hydrophilic, but the tails are hydrophobic. Is a phospholipid considered hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
The overall membrane of a phospholipid is considered to be hydrophobic
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Glucose + Amino Acids are both-
Hydrophilic Substances
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Do Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic substances need assistance across the cytoplasmic membrane?
Hydrophobic substances don’t need assistance, Hydrophilic substances need assistance
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Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide are both considered to be what kind of substance?
Hydrophobic
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Lipids + Gases are-
Hydrophobic Substances
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Proteins are made up of monomers called-
Amino Acids
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Amino Acids are usually made up of -
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
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There are about how many amino acids that in different combinations lead to all the different proteins available in a cell?
~ 20 Different Amino Acids
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If a protein can catalyze chemical reactions within the cell then it is called a-
Enzyme
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Proteins can either be structural components or enzymes.
True or false?
True
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A protein can take on a particular shape that allows it to do a specific job in the cell. This depends on-
The order of amino acids in a protein
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The primary structure of a protein is called a -
Polypeptide
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Amino acids are joined together by-
Peptide Bonds
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Can some proteins remain as simple polypeptides in their original structure instead of changing?
Yes
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Can proteins be modified inside the cell to achieve a more complex secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure?
Yeah
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Protein consisting of more than 1 amino acid chain =
Quaternary Protein Structure
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3-Dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions =
Tertiary Protein Structure
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Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets =
Secondary Protein Structure
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Sequence of a chain of amino acids =
Primary Protein Structure
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Most enzymes are-
Proteins, but can have non-protein portions
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Inactive Enzyme =
Apoenzyme
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Active Enzyme =
Holoenzyme
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What does a Holoenzyme require?
Binding a cofactor, coenzyme, or both
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Non-Protein substance, usually a trace element (like iron or manganese) =
Cofactor
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Loosely and often transiently bound to an enzyme; can associate with multiple different enzymes =
Coenzyme
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Enzymes can help build things =
Anabolize
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Enzymes can help break down things =
Catsbolize
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Anabolism + Catabolism =
Metabolism
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All cells use what to make their structures?
Protein
116
Proteins are important structural components for-
Ribosomes, the bacterial cell wall, external structures (used for motility + attachment)
117
Used to generate motion + propel the microbe through its environment =
Flagella (Singular: Flagellum)
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How many Flagella can a cell have?
Some cells may have one, others have many
119
100s per cell, used as a way to stick to surfaces =
Fimbriae (Singular: Fimbria)
120
Internal cell structures that make proteins =
Ribosomes
121
Found just outside the cell membrane =
The Cell Wall
122
Used to stick to surfaces + other microbes =
Pili (Singular: Pilus)
123
There’s usually how many Pili in a cell?
Only 1 to a few per cell
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Pili can be used for a type of motility called-
Twitching Motility
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When a microbe repeatedly stretches out a pilus, attaches to the surface in front of it and pulls itself toward that attachment point =
Twitching Motility
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The bacterial cell wall is made of-
Protein + Sugars
127
Needed to withstand osmotic/ turgor pressure to prevent cell lysis =
This is one of the functions of the cell wall in bacteria
128
Maintains cell shape, rigidity, provides strength + durability to a cell
This is one of the functions of the cell wall in bacteria
129
Most bacteria are separated into 2 groups based on -
The structure of the cell wall + Amount of peptidoglycan it contains
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How can structural differences in the bacterial cell wall be determined?
By using a process called Gram Staining
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Allows us to visually distinguish between 2 groups of bacteria (Gram-Positive Bacteria & Gram-Negative Bacteria) =
Gram Staining
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Gram-Positive Bacteria have a-
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
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Gram-Negative Bacteria have a-
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall
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Gram positive bacteria has how many layers of peptidoglycan?
30-40
135
Gram negative bacteria has how many layers of peptidoglycan?
1-3 layers of peptidoglycan
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Is peptidoglycan found anywhere else other than bacteria?
No
137
What is a basic building block (monomer) of peptidoglycan made of?
The sugar backbone is made up of-
2 different types of sugars. (NAG + NAM)
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NAG stands for-
N-acetylglucosamine
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NAM stands for-
N-acetylmuramic acid
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What is a basic building block (monomer) of peptidoglycan made of?
The protein part is made of a-
Short peptide that’s attached to NAM
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How do new units (monomers) get added to a cell wall?
By attaching the sugar parts together. Then peptides form between the monomers
142
Whenever peptides form between monomers, it’s building the-
Network of peptidoglycan that surrounds bacterial cells
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What do ribosomes synthesize?
Proteins
144
What are ribosomes composed of?
Protein + RNA (rRNA, a type of Nucleic Acid)
145
How many ribosomes are in bacterial cytosol?
Thousands of
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Eukaryotic cytosol contains ribosomes that are -
Larger + Have more molecules of RNA
147
Most of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are attached to the-
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
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The size of a ribosome is determined by-
Sedimentation Rate
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Rate at which a ribosome moves to the bottom of a test tube during centrifugation =
Sedimentation Rate
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Do large, compact, heavy molecules settle slower or faster than small, loosely packed, lighter particles?
Faster
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Do larger/ more dense particles get a higher or lower number or Svedberg (S) Unit?
Higher
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Do small, loosely packed, lighter particles get a higher or lower number or Svedberg (S) Unit?
Lower
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A large subunit for prokaryotes is-
50 S
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A small subunit for prokaryotes is-
30 S
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A whole ribosome for prokaryotes is-
70 S
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A large subunit for Eukaryotes is-
60 S
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A small subunit for Eukaryotes is-
40 S
158
A whole ribosome for Eukaryotes is-
80 S
159
Most abundant micro-molecules on earth =
Carbohydrates
160
Primarily made of carbon + water =
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates functions?
Food Sources, Energy Storage
Cellular Structures
Store + Transmit Genetic Info
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Simple Sugars =
Monosaccharides
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End in “-ose” suffix =
Monosaccharides
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How are monosaccharides named?
By how many carbons in it
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What happens if a monosaccharide has 4 carbons or more?
It usually takes on a cyclic structure that’s more stable
166
2 sugars linked together by glycosidic bonds =
Disaccharide
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Disaccharides are an example of-
Dehydration Synthesis
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Are disaccharides a common source of energy?
Yup
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Are disaccharides easily broken down?
Yeah
170
Polymers of repeating sugars, but these aren’t sweet =
Polysaccharides
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Are glycosidic bonds found in Polysaccharides along with disaccharides?
Yes
172
Polysaccharide structural function?
Cellulose cell wall in plants
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Polysaccharide energy storage functions?
Starch in plants + Glycogen in bacteria and animals
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2 types of glycocalyx?
Biofilm + Capsule
175
Don’t forget that sugar is a major component of -
Peptidoglycan (Which is used for the cell wall)
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Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some bacterial cells =
Glycocalyx Structure
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Glycocalyx structures are usually made of-
Polysaccharides, but can be made with polypeptide or some combination of both
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Produced inside the cell and are extruded on the cell’s surface =
Glycocalyx Structure
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Glycocalyx Structure Functions?
Protect cells from drying.
Help pathogens survive and cause disease
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What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx Structure?
Capsule + Slime Layer
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Organized, repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to cell surface =
Capsule
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Chemicals in capsules are similar to -
Chemicals normally found in the human body
183
Capsules prevent the human body from -
Recognizing Invaders
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Capsules protect bacterium from-
Being cleared by the immune system
185
Why is it difficult for immune cells to engulf and kill encapsulated invaders?
Capsules are slippery
186
What can help visualize a capsule?
Capsule Stain
187
A bacterium that makes a capsule =
Bacillus anthracis
188
The Slime Layer is-
Loose + Water-Soluble
189
Slime layers allow bacteria to attach to surfaces forming -
Biofilms
190
What are biofilms?
Aggregates of many bacteria living together on a surface
191
Biofilms can form on things like-
Wounds, tissue surfaces, medical implants / devices, etc.
192
Bacteria in biofilms are more protected from-
Antibiotics + Drying Out
193
Can biofilms make it difficult to treat some infections?
Yes
