Physical Growth Requirements (Chapter 10 + 11)

Question 1

Study of inheritance + inheritable traits as expressed by an organism’s genetic material =

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

The study/ subject of genetics includes:

Answer 2

Physical structure + function of genetic material
Mutations
Transfer of genetic material among organisms

Question 3

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell/ organism =

Answer 3

Genome

Question 4

Specific sequences of nucleotides that code for RNA or proteins =

Answer 4

Gene

Question 5

The functional unit of a genome =

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

The complete set of genes contained within the genome of a cell =

Answer 6

Genotype

Question 7

Expression of the cell’s (or organism’s) genes that leads to observable characteristics of that cell (or organism)=

Answer 7

Phenotype

Question 8

Units of the genome that get expressed =

Answer 8

Genes

Question 9

A gene has the info necessary to make a unique -

Answer 9

Protein

Question 10

If a genome is noncoding then it can’t-

Answer 10

Make a protein

Question 11

What percentage of bacteria is noncoding?

Answer 11

12 %

Question 12

What is the genome size for a virus?

Answer 12

170,000 bp

Question 13

What is the genome size for bacteria?

Answer 13

4.6 million bp

Question 14

What is the genome size for a fruit fly?

Answer 14

130 million bp

Question 15

What is the genome size for humans?

Answer 15

3.2 billion bp

Question 16

What is the genome size for a canopy plant?

Answer 16

150 billion bp

Question 17

Which typically has smaller genomes, Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

Answer 17

Prokaryotes typically have smaller genomes than eukaryotes

Question 18

Liquid portion of cytoplasm=

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

Is cytoplasm everything inside a cell?

Answer 19

Yes, it isn’t just the liquid part

Question 20

Cytosol is mostly made of-

Answer 20

Water

Question 21

What contains dissolved and suspended substances?

Answer 21

Cytosol

Question 22

Cytosol contains dissolved and suspended substances like-

Answer 22

Ions, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and wastes

Question 23

Many enzymatic reactions occur in-

Answer 23

Cytosol

Question 24

What kinds of enzymatic reactions occur in Cytosol?

Answer 24

Amino acid production
Sugar degradation

Question 25

What contains the nucleoid?

Answer 25

Cytosol

Question 26

Region where the prokaryotic cells’ DNA resides =

Answer 26

Nucleoid

Question 27

How many chromosomes does most bacteria have?

Answer 27

Just 1

Question 28

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria have-

Answer 28

Circular chromosomes (usually 1 per cell)

Question 29

Because of bacteria genome structure, bacteria are considered to be-

Answer 29

Haploid Cells

Question 30

Bacterial chromosome is located in the-

Answer 30

Nucleoid

Question 31

How long is DNA compared to the cell?

Answer 31

DNA is several times longer than the cell

Question 32

How does DNA fit inside the cell?

Answer 32

Supercoiling compacts DNA so that the whole genome fits inside the cell

Question 33

Eukaryotes have what kind of chromosomes?

Answer 33

Nuclear Chromosomes

Question 34

Eukaryotes typically have how many chromosomes per cell?

Answer 34

More than 1

Question 35

Nuclear chromosomes are-

Answer 35

Linear + Sequestered within the nucleus

Question 36

Eukaryotic cells are often-

Answer 36

Diploid

Question 37

2 Chromosome Copies =

Answer 37

Diploid

Question 38

Globular proteins that aid in condensing DNA so it fits in the nucleus =

Answer 38

Histones

Question 39

DNA stands for-

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 40

RNA stands for-

Answer 40

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 41

The monomers/ building blocks of genetic material =

Answer 41

Nucleotides

Question 42

How many types of nucleotides?

Answer 42

2 DNA + RNA

Question 43

Nucleic acids are polymers of-

Answer 43

Nucleotides

Question 44

Each nucleotide is made up of how many parts?

Answer 44

3

Question 45

The 3 parts of nucleotides =

Answer 45

Phosphate Group Pentose Sugar (5 Carbons) Nitrogenous Base

Question 46

Length of DNA is expressed in-

Answer 46

Base Pairs

Question 47

Nucleotides with a one ring structure =

Answer 47

Pyramidines

Question 48

Pyrimidine Examples=

Answer 48

Cytosine Thymine (DNA Only) Uracil (RNA Only)

Question 49

Nucleotides with a two ring structure =

Answer 49

Adenine Guanine

Question 50

The sides of the DNA molecule are held together by special chemical bonds called-

Answer 50

Phosphodiester Bonds

Question 51

A pairs with -

Answer 51

T

Question 52

C pairs with -

Answer 52

G

Question 53

In RNA, Thymine (T) pairs with Uracil (U), so

Answer 53

U pairs with A in RNA specifically

Question 54

3 hydrogen (h) bonds between -

Answer 54

C and G

Question 55

2 h bonds between -

Answer 55

A and T / A and U

Question 56

A base with 3 h bonds won’t interact with -

Answer 56

A base with only 2 h bonds

Question 57

A base with 3 possible hydrogen bonds will not interact with a base that only has 2 possible hydrogen bonds. This ensures that-

Answer 57

The correct bases always interact with one another

Question 58

10 bases per turn of-

Answer 58

The DNA double helix

Question 59

Major Grooves=

Answer 59

Wide space between the backbone

Question 60

Minor Grooves =

Answer 60

Narrow space between the backbone

Question 61

2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions and create-

Answer 61

Minor + Major Grooves

Question 62

What kind’ve grooves have an abundant space for enzymes to interact with DNA?

Answer 62

Major Grooves

Question 63

DNA that isn’t a part of the chromosomes =

Answer 63

Extrachromosol DNA

Question 64

For eukaryotic cells extrachromosomal DNA is usually what kind of DNA?

Answer 64

Mitochondrial or Chloroplast DNA

Question 65

For prokaryotic cells and some lower eukaryotes like algae, fungi and protozoa, extrachromosomal DNA can be-

Answer 65

Plasmid DNA

Question 66

What are some types of plasmids?

Answer 66

Fertility Factors Resistance Factors Virulence Factors

Question 67

Can be beneficial to survival even though the bacterium could survive without it =

Answer 67

Plasmids

Question 68

Plasmids are not essential for-

Answer 68

Normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction

Question 69

Small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome(s) =

Answer 69

Plasmids

Question 70

Carry genes for conjugation, a type of gene transfer between cells =

Answer 70

Fertility Factors

Question 71

Carry genes for resistance to antibiotics or heavy metals =

Answer 71

Resistance Factors

Question 72

Carry genes for structures, enzymes, or toxins that allow a bacteria to be more pathogenic =

Answer 72

Virulence Plasmids

Question 73

RNA - how many strands?

Answer 73

Single-Stranded

Question 74

Each RNA contains a -

Answer 74

Ribose Sugar

Question 75

Carry genetic information from chromosomes to ribosomes =

Answer 75

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 76

Combine with ribosomal polypeptides to form ribosomes =

Answer 76

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 77

Are the organelles that synthesize polypeptides=

Answer 77

Ribosomes

Question 78

Deliver the correct amino acids to ribosomes based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA=

Answer 78

Transfer RNA (tRNA)