Chapter 1 Intro Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Do microbes and micro-organisms mean the same thing?
A
Yes
2
Q
Where are microbes found?
A
Everywhere on earth that supports life
3
Q
Are most microbes harmless or helpful?
A
Yes, others can cause disease
4
Q
Microbes live in complex microbial -
A
Communities with one another
5
Q
Micro-organisms can be-
A
Cultivated (Produced)
6
Q
What are the main types of micro-organisms?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Viruses, Helminths
7
Q
Microbes can be grown on-
A
Solid or liquid nutrient media
8
Q
On solid media, a single cell can become millions of cells that can be seen with the unaided eye. This is called-
A
A Colony
9
Q
Is being able to grow microbes essential to their study?
A
Yeah
10
Q
What are the various roles played by microbes?
A
Human Health + Animal Health, Ecosystem Health + Natural Resources, Bioenergy + Biotechnology, Agriculture + Food, Industry, Water & Waste
11
Q
The human body has how many body cells?
A
30 Trillion
12
Q
The human body has how many bacterial cells?
A
40 Trillion
13
Q
Microbes that live stably on the human body =
A
The Human Microbiome
14
Q
Microbes that live stably on the human body can be called the human microbiome. What other things can they be called?
A
Normal Microbiota or Normal Flora
15
Q
Normal flora can aid in-
A
Digestion
16
Q
Aside from digestion, normal flora can aid in-
A
Protection from invading microbes that can cause disease
17
Q
Invading microbes that can cause disease =
A
Pathogens
18
Q
When do we begin acquiring microbiota?
A
Before Birth
19
Q
When do we begin acquiring viruses, fungi, and bacteria?
A
After Birth
20
Q
The fundamental unit of life =
A
Cells
21
Q
What states that cells are the fundamental unit of life?
A
The Cell Theory
22
Q
Living entities surrounded by a membrane that are capable of growing, reproducing, metabolizing, and evolving =
A
Cells
23
Q
Cells are capable of-
A
Growing, reproducing, metabolizing, and evolving
24
Q
Do cells come in a variety of sizes?
A
Yup
25
Smallest living things =
Single-Celled Organisms
26
Groups of cells comprise-
Multi-Cellular Organisms
27
Cells can be described as-
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
28
Do prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, or have a nucleus?
They lack a nucleus
29
Do eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus, or have a nucleus?
They have a nucleus
30
What kinds of cells lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes?
Prokaryotic
31
Typically, how big are prokaryotic cells in diameter?
1 μm in diameter
32
Bacteria and Archaea are both what kinds of cells?
Prokaryotic
33
What kind’s of cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic Cells
34
How big are Eukaryotic Cells?
10 μm in diameter
35
What kind of cells have a more complex structure?
Eukaryotic Cells
36
Eukaryotic Cells include-
Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Animal Cells, and Plant Cells
37
How big are Animal Cells?
~10 μm in diameter
38
How big are bacteria?
~1 μm in diameter
39
How big are viruses?
100x smaller than bacteria (Nanometer Range)
40
What category of microscope is required to view viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells?
Light Microscopes (Light Microscopy)
41
What type of microscope is commonly used in a wide variety of laboratory applications as the standard microscope; produces an image on a bright background?
Brightfield Microscopes
42
What type of microscope increases contrast without staining by producing a bright image on a darker background; especially useful for viewing live specimens?
Darkfield Microscopes
43
What type of microscope uses refraction and interference caused by structures in the specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining, making it useful for viewing live specimens, and structures such as endospores and organelles?
Phase Contrast Microscopes
44
What type of microscope uses interference patterns between different patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen to produce high-contrast images of living organisms with a three-dimensional appearance, making it especially useful in distinguishing structures within live, unstained specimens; images viewed reveal detailed structures within cells?
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopes
45
What type of microscope uses fluorescent stains to produce stains to produce an image; can be used to identify patterns, to find particular species to distinguish living from dead cells, or to find locations of particular molecules within a cell; also used for immunofluorescence?
Fluorescence Microscopes
46
What category of microscope uses visible or ultraviolet light to produce an image?
Light Microscopy
47
Light Microscopes have a magnification of up to about-
1000x
48
Name off the types of microscopes that fall into the light microscopy category
Brightfield, Darkfield, Phase Contrast, DIC, Fluorescence
49
Name off the category of microscope that uses electron beams focused with magnets to produce an image
Electron Microscopy
50
Electron Microscopes have a magnification of-
20-100,000x or more
51
What are the types of microscopes that make up the electron microscopy category of microscopes?
Transmission (TEM)
Scanning (SEM)
52
What type of microscope uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as tissue sections and sub-cellular structures?
Transmission (TEM)
53
What type of microscope uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three-dimensional surface details of specimens?
Scanning (SEM)
54
3 Domains of Life =
Archaea + Bacteria + Eukarya
55
Are there microbes from all 3 domains of life?
Yes
56
Bacteria + Archaea are both what kinds of microbes?
Prokaryotic Microbes
57
Why are Bacteria and Archaea both considered to be Prokaryotic Microbes?
Because their genetic material is not contained within a nucleus
58
Pathogens can cause disease in-
Humans + Plants + Animals
59
Most bacteria are harmless or beneficial.
True or false?
True
60
Bacteria is found nearly everywhere on Earth.
True or false?
True
61
Most Bacteria contain a unique cell wall component called-
Peptidoglycan
62
Bacteria are often described in terms of their-
Shape
63
Coccus =
Round Bacteria
64
Bacillus =
Rod-Shaped Bacteria
65
Vibrio =
A Type of Curved Bacteria
66
Spirochete =
A Type of Curved Bacteria
67
Spirillum =
A Type of Curved Bacteria
68
Coccus = How Big?
200 μm
69
Coccobacillas =
A type of round bacteria, but it looks a bit stretched compared to coccus bacteria
70
Coccobacillus = How Big?
2 μm
71
Spirochete = How Big?
500 μm
72
Archaea differs from bacteria in multiple ways including-
Cell Wall Structure + Genetic Composition + Metabolic Pathways
73
Does Archaea contain peptidoglycan like bacteria does?
Nah
74
Many Archaea have shapes similar to bacteria, but some can have unusual shapes like-
Branched, Square, Etc.
75
Are Bacteria + Archaea both found in nearly every habitat on Earth?
Yes
76
You should usually think of Archaea in what kind’s of environments?
Extreme Environments (Very Hot / Very Cold)
77
Are some Archaea found in humans?
Yes
78
Are any Archaea known to be pathogens?
Nope
79
A microbe falls under the domain of Eukaryotic if it’s genetic material is-
Stored Within a Nucleus
80
Are Eukaryotic Microbes Unicellular or Multicellular?
They can be either
81
Protozoa is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?
Unicellular
82
Algae is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?
Can be either
83
Fungi is a Eukaryotic Microbe. Is it Unicellular or Multicellular?
Can be either
84
Some Protozoa can cause disease in human + animal hosts.
True or false?
True
85
Protozoa is Greek for-
“First Animals”
86
Protozoa belongs to the informal group of organisms called-
Protists
87
A catch all for things that don’t fit well into plant, animal, or fungi categories =
Protist Category
88
Protozoa has similar nutritional needs and cellular structure to-
Animals
89
Are most Protozoa capable of locomotion at some point in their lives?
Yes
90
Locomotion =
Movement/ moving from one place to another
91
Eukaryotic but not a plant, animal, or fungus =
Protist
92
How is Algae similar to plants?
Algae can perform photosynthesis and make their own food
93
How is Algae different from plants?
Algae has a much simpler reproductive structures than plants
94
Is Algae typically Pathogenic or Non-Pathogenic?
Typically Non-Pathogenic
95
Macroscopic Algae is found in-
Oceans (Seaweed + Kelp)
96
Uses gelatinous chemicals from the cell walls of algae as thickeners + emulsifiers in many foods + cosmetics =
Manufacturers
97
Carrageenan is an example of-
A Manufacturer
98
Agar is an example of-
A Manufacturer
99
Agar solidifies-
Laboratory media
100
Unicellular Algae is typically found in-
Freshwater (ponds, lakes, streams) + Oceans
101
Major food source for small aquatic + marine animals =
Algae
102
Provides most of the world’s oxygen =
Algae
103
What do manufacturers use in products like polishing compounds, toothpastes, and pesticides?
Manufacturers use the glasslike cell walls of Diatoms
104
Yeasts + Molds are two different types of-
Microscopic Fungi
105
Yeasts =
Unicellular
106
Molds =
Multicellular
107
How are Fungi different from plants?
Fungi obtain their food from other organisms (they can’t make their own food)
108
How are Fungi different from animals?
Fungi have cell walls (Animals on the other hand, have cell membranes)
109
Yeasts + Molds can be-
Beneficial to humans
110
Yeasts cause-
Bread to rise, ferments beverages like beer + wine
111
Can yeasts spoil food or be pathogenic?
Yes
112
How do Molds benefit humans?
They aid in the production of anti-microbial drugs (like penicillin)
113
Can Molds produce harmful toxins, cause disease and allergies?
Yes
114
Helminths =
Parasitic Worms
115
Helminths are studied as a part of-
Microbiology
116
Helminths range in size from microscopic to tapeworms over how many feet long?
30 Feet Long
117
Most adult parasitic worms aren’t-
Microscopic
118
How are parasitic infections often diagnosed?
Observing microscopic eggs immature stages of worms found in blood, feces, urine, and lymph
119
Are viruses living or non-living?
Non-Living
120
Are viruses acellular?
Yes
121
What are viruses composed of?
Genetic material (DNA / RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
122
Are viruses microscopic and generally smaller than micro-organisms?
Yup
123
Can viruses be seen using standard light microscopy?
No
124
Viruses are included in the tree of life.
True or false?
False
125
Study of microbes =
Microbiology
126
Study of bacteria =
Bacteriology
127
Study of Helminths and other parasites =
Parasitology
128
Study of fungi =
Mycology
129
Study of Protozoa =
Protozoology
130
Study of viruses =
Virology
131
Study of the immune system =
Immunology
132
Immunology is often included as part of-
Microbiology
133
Why is immunology often included as a part of microbiology?
Because of the complex interactions between the host immune system and microbes
134
A system for naming plants + animals and grouping similar organisms together =
Taxonomic System
135
The science of classifying + naming organisms =
Taxonomy
136
When was taxonomy first developed?
1700s
137
The Swedish botanist/ zoologist / physician who first developed taxonomy =
Carolus Linnaeus
138
What were the 3 Kingdoms that Linnaeus developed?
Plants + Animals + Mineral (Mineral was later abandoned)
139
Who divided organisms based on observations of characteristics?
Carolus Linnaeus
140
Phylogeny =
Evolutionary relationships among organisms
141
Phylogenetic Trees =
Trees of Life
142
How are phylogenetic trees arranged?
By how closely related they are thought to be
143
How did phylogenetic trees used to be organized?
Based on observable traits
144
Today phylogenetic relationships are based on what kinds of comparisons?
Genetic, Biochemical, Embryological
145
What did Ernst Haeckel build onto?
Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree
146
Who included Protista for unicellular organisms onto Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree?
Ernst Haeckel
147
What else did Ernst add to Linnaeus’ phylogenetic tree? (Other than Protista for unicellular organisms)
Minerals for unicellular organisms lacking nuclei (Like Bacteria)
148
Who proposed adding fungi as the fifth kingdom?
Whittaker
149
When did Whittaker propose adding fungi as the fifth kingdom?
1969
150
Uses DNA, RNA, and protein as the basis for grouping organisms together rather than observable traits =
Modern Taxonomy
151
The more similar the DNA, RNA, and protein is between organisms, the more-
Closely-related they are
152
Today we have how many domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (3 Domains)
153
What are taxonomic levels called?
Taxon (Taxa for pleural)
154
Taxonomic levels from least to most specific?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Do Kids Play Cards On Fifth Grade Steps?)
155
What do we use to name organisms?
Binomial Nomenclature
156
Binomial Nomenclature essentially just means-
Two-Word Naming System
157
According to the binomial nomenclature system, only the first word should be capitalized, and the two words should be underlined if handwritten.
True or false?
True
158
According to the binomial nomenclature system, when using a computer or word processor, italics should be used on the name.
True or false?
True
