Chapter 15 (Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity)

Question 1

All of the microbes that are associated with a certain organism or environment =

Answer 1

Microbiome

Question 2

Microbes that come in contact with your body but can’t establish themselves there long-term; often include pathogens =

Answer 2

Transient Microbiota

Question 3

The microbes that constantly live on one’s body =

Answer 3

Resident Microbiota

Question 4

Cause disease in the host in almost every case =

Answer 4

Primary Pathogen

Question 5

Can only cause disease in the host in certain situations =

Answer 5

Opportunistic Pathogen

Question 6

What specific situations can an opportunistic pathogen affect you?

Answer 6

When your immune defense are weaker, if the host is introduced to a new environment, when bacteria that normally live in the mouth get into a cut in the gums and cause an infection

Question 7

Condition where the normal structure/functions of the body are damaged/impaired =

Answer 7

Disease

Question 8

How can diseases be classified?

Answer 8

Taxonomic Categories
The body system they effect
Their longevity + severity
How they are spread to their host
The effects they have on populations

Question 9

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the PT =

Answer 9

Symptoms

Question 10

Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others =

Answer 10

Signs

Question 11

Infections lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection =

Answer 11

Asymptomatic or Subclinical

Question 12

Symptoms develop rapidly; runs its course quickly =

Answer 12

Acute Disease

Question 13

Usually has mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time =

Answer 13

Chronic Disease

Question 14

Disease without symptoms =

Answer 14

Asymptomatic Disease

Question 15

Disease that appears a long time after infection =

Answer 15

Latent Disease

Question 16

Can be transferred to one another =

Answer 16

Communicable Disease

Question 17

A communicable disease that is easily spread =

Answer 17

Contagious Disease

Question 18

Disease that can’t be spread from person to person =

Answer 18

Noncommunicable Disease

Question 19

Initial infection within a given PT =

Answer 19

Primary Infection

Question 20

Infections that follow a primary infection; often opportunistic pathogens =

Answer 20

Secondary Infection

Question 21

Many infectious diseases have how many stages following an infection?

Answer 21

5

Question 22

What are the 5 stages following an infection?

Answer 22

Incubation Period, Prodromal Period, Illness, Decline, Convalescence

Question 23

Can infectious diseases be contagious during any period of the five stages?

Answer 23

Yes, but it depends on the pathogen and the nature of the disease

Question 24

Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms =

Answer 24

Incubation Period

Question 25

Short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms =

Answer 25

Prodromal Periods

Question 26

Disease is most severe =

Answer 26

Period of Illness

Question 27

Signs and symptoms subside =

Answer 27

Period of decline

Question 28

Body returns to its pre-diseased state =

Answer 28

Period of Convalescence

Question 29

The manner of developing a disease =

Answer 29

Pathogenesis

Question 30

What are the 5 steps of pathogenesis in order?

Answer 30

Exposure/Contact Adhesion Invasion Infection Transmission

Question 31

Pathogen gains entry to the host =

Answer 31

Exposure/ Contact

Question 32

Pathogen colonizes the host =

Answer 32

Adhesion

Question 33

Pathogen evades/ overcomes host immune response =

Answer 33

Invasion

Question 34

Pathogen spreads, multiplies + causes damages to the host =

Answer 34

Infection

Question 35

Pathogens leave the original host to infect new susceptible host =

Answer 35

Transmission

Question 36

Tiny, microscopic cuts =

Answer 36

Microabrasians

Question 37

Microabrasians are considered what kind of route for pathogens to take?

Answer 37

A Parenteral Route

Question 38

What do the mucous membranes line in the body?

Answer 38

The Respiratory Tract GI Tract Genitourinary Tract

Question 39

Parenteral Routes for pathogens to take include-

Answer 39

Wounds, Insect Bites, Animal Bites, and Needle Pricks

Question 40

Breaches in the protective barriers of the skin + mucous membranes =

Answer 40

Parenteral Routes

Question 41

Outer covering of mucous membranes =

Answer 41

Epithelium

Question 42

Are epithelial cells alive?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

Shedding of dead skin removes-

Answer 43

Microbes

Question 44

What’s below epithelium to kill pathogens?

Answer 44

Immune Cells

Question 45

How many layers of epithelium?

Answer 45

2

Question 46

Can be a routes of exposure for a fetus =

Answer 46

Placenta or Vaginal Birth

Question 47

Ability of a pathogen to attach to cells in the body =

Answer 47

Adhesion

Question 48

What do pathogens use to attach to cells in the body?

Answer 48

Adhesion Factors

Question 49

Microbial Structures that are Important for adhesion =

Answer 49

Virulence Factors

Question 50

Virulence Factors include:

Answer 50

Adhesins Viral Spikes Glycocalyces

Question 51

A type of infection that’s restricted to a confined area; usually near portal of entry =

Answer 51

Local

Question 52

Infection that spreads to a secondary location =

Answer 52

Focal

Question 53

An infection that spreads throughout the body =

Answer 53

Systemic

Question 54

What’s an example of a portal of exit?

Answer 54

Bodily Fluids

Question 55

Avirulent =

Answer 55

Not Harmful

Question 56

Almost always disease-causing =

Answer 56

Highly Virulent

Question 57

Can an organism that isn’t very virulent still cause a disease?

Answer 57

Yes, but symptoms may be small or person may be asymptomatic

Question 58

Tendency of a pathogen to cause damage/disease to a host =

Answer 58

Virulence

Question 59

Adhesion factors, Exoenzymes, Toxins =

Answer 59

Virulence Factors

Question 60

Extracellular enzymes that get released by a pathogen =

Answer 60

Extracellular Enzymesm

Question 61

Mutant Species of pathogen that doesn’t secrete Exoenzymes =

Answer 61

Avirulent

Question 62

Examples of Exoenzymes:

Answer 62

Hyaluronidase + Collagenase

Question 63

Collagenase breaks down -

Answer 63

Collagen

Question 64

Is collagen a major structural protein in the body?

Answer 64

Yup

Question 65

Hyaluranan =

Answer 65

The “glue” that holds animal cells together

Question 66

Hyaluronidase breaks down=

Answer 66

Hyaluronidase

Question 67

A single-cell layer of some blood vessels =

Answer 67

Endothelium

Question 68

Collagen is a part of-

Answer 68

Connective Tissue + The Endothelium

Question 69

What are the two types of bacterial toxins?

Answer 69

Exotoxins & Endotoxins

Question 70

Exotoxins are produced where and why?

Answer 70

Inside the bacterial cell to be released outside of the cell

Question 71

How many types of exotoxins?

Answer 71

3

Question 72

Generally kill host cells or affect their function =

Answer 72

Cytotoxins

Question 73

Specifically interfere with nerve cell function =

Answer 73

Neurotoxins

Question 74

Affect cells lining the GI tract =

Answer 74

Enterotoxins

Question 75

What are the 3 types of exotoxins?

Answer 75

Cytotoxins Neurotoxins Enterotoxins

Question 76

Chemicals that harm tissues / trigger host immune responses causing damage =

Answer 76

Toxins

Question 77

Toxins that have 2 distinct parts =

Answer 77

A-B Toxins

Question 78

The outer-membrane of Gram-Negative bacteria contains-

Answer 78

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 79

The toxic part of LPS =

Answer 79

Lipid A

Question 80

Lipid A stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause-

Answer 80

Fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock + blood coagulation

Question 81

Released from dead bacteria =

Answer 81

Lipid A

Question 82

Any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness (bacteria are present + multiplying in the blood) =

Answer 82

Septicemia

Question 83

Presence of bacteria in the blood =

Answer 83

Bacteremia

Question 84

Release of bacterial toxins into the blood =

Answer 84

Toxemia

Question 85

Viruses in the blood =

Answer 85

Viremia

Question 86

Fungi, generally yeast, in the blood =

Answer 86

Fungemia

Question 87

Infection + inflammation of the lymphatic vessels =

Answer 87

Lymphangitis

Question 88

Blood is usually Axenic, which means-

Answer 88

Germ-Free