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Microbiology PowerPoint Flashcards > Ch 24 Digestive System Infections > Flashcards

Ch 24 Digestive System Infections Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system structure is divided into what 2 groups?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

Accessory Digestive Organs

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2
Q

The pathway from the mouth to the anus =

A

GI Tract

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3
Q

Organs involved in grinding food or providing digestive secretions =

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

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4
Q

The tongue, teeth, and salivary glands are all-

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

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5
Q

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are all-

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

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6
Q

The esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are all-

A

Almost free of any microbes

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7
Q

What prevents microbial colonization in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum?

A

Peristalsis + the rapid transport of food

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8
Q

What’s the most prevalent microbe on the tongue, teeth, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum?

A

Species of Streptococci

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9
Q

The microbiota in the lower small intestine and colon are-

A

Microbial Antagonists

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10
Q

The microbial antagonists in the lower small intestine and colon do what for the body?

A

Protect the body by outcompeting pathogens.

Produce vitamins, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin K.

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11
Q

The mucous membrane does what for the body?

A

Prevents entry of microbes into the blood stream

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12
Q

Erosions of the linings of either the stomach or small intestine =

A

Peptic Ulcers

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13
Q

Ulcers that pierce the stomach or intestine are called-

A

Perforations

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14
Q

A Perforation can cause-

A

Shock

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15
Q

Abdominal pain is the main symptom of-

A

Peptic Ulcers

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of Peptic Ulcers includes:

A

Abdominal Pain
Nausea
Vomiting (With or Without Blood)
Weight Loss
Burping
Loss of Appetite
Chest Pain
Black Tarlike Stools

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17
Q

Peptic Ulcers are caused by what bacteria?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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18
Q

How does H. pylori cause Peptic Ulcers?

A

It invades mucous, its toxins and inflammation cause the layer of mucous to become thin, gastric acid then destroys the epithelial tissue and underlying tissue (Causing an ulcer)

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19
Q

How many people develop Peptic Ulcers per year?

A

456,000

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20
Q

How much of the population is infected by Peptic Ulcers?

A

2 thirds of the population

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21
Q

What are some risk factors for Peptic Ulcers?

A

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Excessive Alcohol Consumption, Smoking, Family History

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22
Q

What can worsen Ulcer symptoms?

A

Stress

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23
Q

How can you diagnose Peptic Ulcers?

A

X-ray to identify Ulcers

Presence of H. pylori in stool

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24
Q

Inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by bacteria =

A

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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25
Q

Bacterial Gastroenteritis is associated with-

A

Contaminated food or water and poor living conditions/lack of sanitation

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26
Q

What are the manifestations of Bacterial Gastroenteritis?

A

Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal Pain + Cramps + Malaise + Fever + Dehydration

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27
Q

Treatment of Bacterial Enteritis includes-

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

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28
Q

Most E. coli Gastroenteritis are-

A

Harmless, but others can cause severe diarrheal illnesses

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29
Q

How does E. coli Gastroenteritis spread?

A

Contaminated food/water, direct contact with animals/people

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30
Q

What are the risk groups for E. coli Gastroenteritis?

A

Elderly, Pregnant, Immunocompromised, and Travelers

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31
Q

What are some symptoms of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?

A

Causes Traveler’s Diarrhea (Common in less developed countries).

It is a relatively mild condition that is self-limiting.

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32
Q

What’s the most dangerous types of E. coli that can cause epidemics?

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

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33
Q

Manifestations of EHEC are-

A

Bloody Diarrhea, Severe Cramping, No Fever

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34
Q

EHEC produces a toxin called-

A

Verotoxin

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35
Q

Verotoxin can cause-

A

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

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36
Q

What is HUS?

A

A type of kidney failure

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37
Q

How can EHEC be diagnosed?

A

Presence of Verotoxin Genes

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38
Q

Salmonella enterica lives in-

A

The intestines of virtually all vertebrates, especially reptiles and are eliminated in feces

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39
Q

Can S. enterica be a part of the normal microbiome of some humans?

A

Yes

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40
Q

How many unique strains of Salmonella are there?

How many species?

A

2,100 Unique Strands

Just 1 Species (Salmonella enterica)

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41
Q

What strains of Salmonella can cause Salmonellosis?

A

Enteritidis and Typhimurium

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42
Q

How does Salmonella spread?

A

Via contaminated food (usually eggs and poultry) and water, direct animal contact, rarely person to person

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43
Q

How does Salmonellosis occur?

A

Salmonella passes through intestinal cells into the bloodstream where they are phagocytized.

Salmonella can survive phagocytosis, and therefore becomes disseminated throughout the body.

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44
Q

Disruption of the intestinal cells can cause-

A

Tissue damage and inflammation leading to fluid leakage and diarrhea

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45
Q

Symptoms of Salmonellosis develop within how long after infection?

A

6-4 Hours

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46
Q

Patients with Salmonellosis experience-

A

Fever + Headache + Muscle Pain + Loss of Appetite for a week or more

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47
Q

How do you diagnose Salmonellosis?

A

Finding Salmonella in stool

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48
Q

Symptoms of salmonellosis develop within how long after infection?

A

6 hours to 4 days

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49
Q

5-10 clear, watery, foul-smelling bowel movements per day =

A

Clostridium difficile (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea

50
Q

What occurs during extreme cases of Clostridium difficile (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea?

A

Pseudomembranes colitis

51
Q

Clostridium difficile is a part of the normal microbiome in the large intestine of what % of adults?

A

5%

52
Q

What facilitates the growth of Clostridium difficile?

A

Antimicrobials

53
Q

Clostridium difficile produces what 2 toxins?

A

Toxin A

Toxin B

54
Q

What are the manifestations of Pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Life-threatening, involves inflammation, more than 10 bloody stools per day, and Pseudomembranes

55
Q

What are Pseudomembranes?

A

(Lesions composed of connective tissue, dying leukocytes and dead colon cells).

56
Q

What do the toxins produced by C. Diff mediate?

A

Inflammation + Pseudomembrane Formation

57
Q

What does Toxin A do?

A

Breaks down junctions between colon cells triggering loss of fluid

58
Q

What does Toxin B do?

A

Kills colon cells + Induces lesion formation

59
Q

Any antibiotic can cause this disease and it is a byproduct of modern medicine =

A

C. Diff

60
Q

What % of hospital pt’s carry C. Diff?

A

~20%

61
Q

What are the risk groups for C. Diff?

A

Elderly, Burn Patients, Pt’s with Kidney Failure

Pt’s Recovering from Abdominal Surgery

Pt’s with History of Pseudomembranous colitis

62
Q

How is C. Diff diagnosed?

A

Presence of bacterial toxin in stool or colonoscopy

63
Q

How is C. Diff treated?

A

Antimicrobials + Experimental Fecal Transplants

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of food poisoning:

A

Nausea + Vomiting + Diarrhea + Cramping

65
Q

What is Bacterial Food Poisoning caused by?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

66
Q

Diagnosis of Food Poisoning is-

A

Usually based on signs and symptoms

67
Q

What is treatment of Food Poisoning like?

A

It usually passes on its own but it can be supported with F&E Replacement

68
Q

What bacteria is responsible for food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked seafood?

A

Vibrio vulnificus

69
Q

What % of people with food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus die?

A

1 in 5

70
Q

When should you seek medical attention if you have food poisoning caused by undercooked seafood?

A

If it goes on for longer than 3 days

71
Q

Vibrio vulnificus associated food poisoning is usually a mild disease that lasts about 3 days. What are the manifestations?

A

Watery Diarrhea, Cramps, Nausea, Fever, Vomiting

72
Q

Treatment of V. vulnicans is-

A

Not usually necessary, but pt’s should drink plenty of fluids

73
Q

Avoid eating undercooked shellfish or contact with salty or brackish water if you-

A

Have a wound

74
Q

Why should you avoid eating undercooked shellfish or contact with salty or brackish water if you have a wound?

A

Wound infection can lead to Necrotizing Fasciitis

75
Q

Diagnosis of V. vulnificus is based on-

A

Symptoms and whether patient has recently eaten raw or undercooked seafood.

Can also detect V. vulnificus in stool, wound, or blood

76
Q

Macroscopic, multicellular worms =

A

Helminths

77
Q

These can infect the GI Tract as Non-Disease-Causing Parasites =

A

Helminths

78
Q

How many categories of Helminths are of importance to humans? What are they called?

A

Roundworms (Nematodes) + Flatworms (Platyhelminths)

79
Q

Pinworm, Hookworm, Trichinella are all examples of-

A

Roundworms

80
Q

Ancylostoma (fluke) + Taenia sp. (tapeworms) are both examples of-

A

Flatworms

81
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Tapeworm Infections?

A

Usually Asymptomatic

Nausea, Abdominal Pain, Weight Loss, & Diarrhea may occur

82
Q

What are the different types of tapeworm?

A

Taenia saginata: Beef Tapeworm

Taenia solium: Pork Tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum: Fish Tapeworm

83
Q

Tapeworms can be how long?

A

4-8 Meters

84
Q

Where do Tapeworms develop into adults?

A

The Intestine

85
Q

How are Tapeworms diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by presence of proglottids in fecal sample

86
Q

How are Tapeworms treated?

A

Antiparasitic Drugs

87
Q

How do you prevent tapeworms?

A

Thoroughly cooking meat

88
Q

Round worm that is ingested when eating undercooked, infected meat such as pork, boar or bear =

A

Trichinosis

89
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Trichinosis begin how many days after ingesting the undercooked meat?

A

1-2 Days

90
Q

What are Signs and Symptoms of Trichinosis?

A

Abdominal symptoms like diarrhea, pain and flu-like symptoms

91
Q

Is Trichinosis fatal?

A

Rarely

92
Q

Antiparasitic drugs available to kill adult worms, but-

A

killing larvae in tissue is difficult

93
Q

How do you diagnose Trichinosis?

A

Usually based on symptoms, history, and looking for antibodies against the parasite

94
Q

Are pinworms only transmitted among humans?

A

Yes

95
Q

What are the manifestations of Pinworm Infestation?

A

Perianal itching, irritability, and decreased appetite

One-third of cases are asymptomatic

96
Q

What are Pinworm Infections caused by?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

97
Q

How is Pinworm spread?

A

Females deposit eggs in the perianal region at night

Eggs can be dislodged and spread the disease

98
Q

As many as one-third of American children are affected by-

A

Pinworm Infestation

99
Q

What are the manifestations of Viral Gastroenteritis

A

Similar to those of bacterial gastroenteritis

Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever

Dehydration is common complication

100
Q

How long do Viral Gastroenteritis infections last?

A

3-8 Days

101
Q

What is Viral Gastroenteritis caused by?

A

Caliciviruses, Astroviruses, Rotaviruses

102
Q

What causes 90% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Noroviruses

103
Q

Viral Gastroenteritis is common in confined places such as-

A

Cruise Ships

104
Q

Does a vaccine for rotavirus exist?

A

Yes

105
Q

How do you diagnose a Rotavirus Infection?

A

Serological test distinguishes among viruses

106
Q

Treatment of Rotavirus Infection involves-

A

F&E Replacement

107
Q

Rotaviruses are an important cause of-

A

Childhood deaths in developing countries

108
Q

That are the manifestations of Viral Hepatitis?

A

Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, and weight loss

Symptoms may occur years after initial infection

109
Q

Hepatitis is a general term meaning-

A

Inflammation of the liver

110
Q

Viral Hepatitis generally has long incubation periods ranging from-

A

~15 to 120 Days

111
Q

Transmitted in feces-contaminated food or water
Patients release virions in feces and are infective even without developing symptoms
“Infectious hepatitis” is usually mild and 99% recover fully =

A

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

112
Q

Parenteral transmission, crosses placenta, exposure to infectious blood or body fluids like semen and saliva =

A

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

113
Q

Parenteral transmission, IV drug use =

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

114
Q

Parenteral transmission (contact with infected blood).
Uncommon in US, requires the person to already be infected with HBV so that it can replicate =

A

Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV)

115
Q

Transmitted by feces-contaminated drinking water. Not common in the US =

A

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

116
Q

A common name for the Hepatitis E Virus is-

A

Enteric Hepatitis

117
Q

Note that HBV, HCV, and HDV are enveloped viruses, but HAV and HEV are-

A

Naked Viruses

118
Q

Initial diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis is made by-

A

Observation of jaundice, enlarged liver, or fluid in the abdomen

119
Q

Aside from observing for jaundice, enlarged liver, and fluid in the abdomen, what other things can be done to diagnose Viral Hepatitis?

A

General lab testing to assess liver function

Serological testing can identify viral antigens

HBV diagnosed by viral proteins in body fluids

120
Q

What can be done to give supportive care for someone with Viral Hepatitis?

A

Antivirals available to help reduce viral load

121
Q

How can Viral Hepatitis be prevented?

A

Prevented with good hygiene and protected sex or abstinence

Vaccines are available against HAV and HBV

HAV vaccine is also protective against HEV

HBV vaccine is also protective against HDV

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