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Medicine Sem 2 > Biochemistry week 7 > Flashcards

Biochemistry week 7 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are minerals

A

Micronutrients

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2
Q

Are minerals required in large or small amounts

A

small amounts

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3
Q

What roles are minerals needed for

A
  • Bone and teeth formation
    -Fludi baalnce
    -Nerve conduction
    -Muscle contraction
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4
Q

What is calcium and phosphorus components of

A

hydroxylapatite

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5
Q

What is the main mineral in bones and teeth

A

-hydroxylapatite

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6
Q

What is calcium needed for

A
  • Bone mineralization
    -Muscle contraction
    -Blood clotting
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7
Q

Where can calcium eb sourced from

A

dairy, green veggies, fortified orange juice

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8
Q

What is calcium regulated by + how

A
  • PTH(Parathyroid hormone) : Increases serum ca2+ via bone resoprtion , renal absorption and activation of vitamin d
  • Calcitriol - increases absorption and reabsorption of ca2+ and phosphorus
    -Calcitonin- respons to high ca2+ , promtoes bones storage and reneal excretion of ca2+ and phosphorus
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9
Q

What is active vitamin D known as

A
  • Calcitriol
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10
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular anion

A
  • Phosphorus
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11
Q

Where is phosphorus found

A

85% found in hydroxylapatite + rest in :
-ATP
-Phospholipids
-Nucleic acids
-Creatine phosphate

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12
Q

What is hypercalcemia

A

high calcium

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13
Q

Wat is hypocalcemia

A

Low calcium

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14
Q

What causes hypercalcemia + symptoms

A
  • excess PTH( Parathyroid hormone)
  • bone pain, constipation, kidney stones
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15
Q

What causes hypocalcemia + symptoms

A

-Due PTH / Vitamin D deficicency
- Bone resorption, muscle cramps

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16
Q

Where is magnesium stored

A
  • 60% stored in bone
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17
Q

What is magnesium required for

A
  • kinases
    -DNA & RNA polymerase
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18
Q

Deficency of magnesium results from

A
  • Starvation
    -Malabsorption
    -Diarrhea, Vomiting
    -Alchohlism
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19
Q

Wht are symptoms of Magnesium deficiency

A
  • muscle and nerve hyperexcitability + cardiac arrhythmias
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20
Q

What is the 2 main extracellular electrolytes

A
  • Na and Cl
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21
Q

What is the roles of Sodium and chlorine

A
  • Water balance
    -Osmotic equilibirum
    -Acid base balance
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22
Q

What does a high Na intake lead to

A
  • Thirst
    -Increases ADH(Antiduretic hormone)
    -Leads to water retention
    -Can cause chronic hypertension
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23
Q

What does reducing NA lead to

A

Modest BP reduction

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24
Q

What does an imbalance of sodium lead to

A
  • Hypernatremia + hyponatremia
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25
What is hypernatremia caused by
- Water loss
26
What is hyponatremia caused by
- Impaired water excretion
27
What is the main intracellular electrolyte
- Potassium
28
What is potassium maintained bu
- Na/K ATPase pump
29
What does potassium imbalance lead to
- Hyperkalemia -Hypokalemia
30
What is another name for trace minerals
- micorminerals
31
Name 4 key trace minerals
- Copper -Iron -Manganese -Zinc
32
What can copper deficiency lead to
- Anemia due to its effects on iron metabloism
33
Explain how coppeer is transported in humans
- Absorbed copper binds to albumin
34
Explain how copper is transported in hepatocytes
- Binds to metallothioneins
35
What is menkes syndrome
- Mutation in the ATP7A gene. It leads to impaired copper efflux from enterocytes
36
What are symptoms of menkes syndrome
- Kinky hair, skin and hair chnages, connective tissue issues
37
What is the inheritance pattern of menkes syndrome
X linked
38
What is Wilsons disease
- Mutation in ATP7B , leading to impaired copper excretion from liver
39
What are symptoms of wilsons disease
- Liver damage
40
What is wilsons disease trated with
Cu-chelating agents
41
Where is zinc found+ function
- Zinc finger proteins -Regulates gene expression
42
What enzymes is zinc reuired for
- Alchohol dehydrogenase -Carbonic anhydrase
43
What are the symptoms of zinc deficnecy in children
- Growth retardation, skin lesions and poor sexual development
44
What are other symptoms of zinc deficicency
-Impaired taste -Vison problems
45
What CAN excess zinc cause
- Cn block copper absorption and increase the risk of copper deficiency and anemia
46
Name 2 other trace minerals thatt are not key trace minerals
- Chromium -Flourine
47
What is the function of the trace mineral chormium
- Enhances insulin action
48
What is fluorine added to and why
- Added to water to prevent dental caries
49
Where is iron found
- Fe-S proteins
50
What is iron a component fo
- Catalytic and structural proteins
51
Which better absorbs heme iron and nonheme iron
heme iron
52
Explain how iron is distrubuted
-75% is in hemoglobin and myoglobin -25% stored in liver, bone marrow aND reticuloendothelial system
53
How is heme iorn absorbed
Via heme carier protein
54
How is nonheme iron absorbed
- via DMT-1
55
After heme and nonheme iron is absorbed what happens to it
- stored as iron (fe3+) bound ferritin -Exported by ferroprotin,
56
What is heme and non heme oxidised y and transported by
- Oxidized by hephaestin -transported by transferrin
57
What does low / reduction in hepcidin increase
- Ferroportin activity and iron absorption
58
What does high/ increase in hepcidin decrease
- decreases ferroportin, and decreases absorption
59
What does deficiency in iron lead to
- microcytic and hypochromic anemia
60
What is iodine essential for
Thyroid hormone synthesis
61
What is graves disease
- An autoimmune disorder with overactive thyroid
62
What are symptoms of graves disease
- bulging eyes - thick, reddish skin on lower legs

Medicine Sem 2 (38 decks)

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