BIOGENESIS Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
a plant that does not form a woody stem
ex. grass
A
HERB
2
Q
refers to any plants used for medicinal purposes
A
MEDICINAL HERB
3
Q
study of the relationship between plants and people and their culture (John William Harshberger, 1895)
A
ETHNOBOTANY
4
Q
who gave coined the term ethnobotany
A
John William Harshberger
5
Q
ethnobotanist like Joseph Rock uses ____ to obtain chaulmoogra oils
A
Hydnocarpus laurifolia
6
Q
practitioners of ethnobotany is called as
A
ethnobotanist
7
Q
who uses chaulmoogra oil
A
Joseph Rock
8
Q
chaulmoogra oil is used in
A
mgmt. of Hansen’s disease / leprosy
9
Q
Father of Modern Ethnobotany
A
Richard Evans Schulte
10
Q
study of phytochemicals in plants describing the large number of secondary metabolites
A
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
11
Q
use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes
A
PHYTOTHERAPY
12
Q
a system of alternative medicine that strives to treat “like cures like”
A
HOMEOPATHY
13
Q
what give plant and animal drugs their therapeutic properties
A
chemical compounds
14
Q
compounds that exert physiologic effect
A
glycosides
alkaloids
terpenes
15
Q
natural anti-malarial drug
A
artemisin
16
Q
chemical enteties used as medicinal agents, either in crude form or may be extracted
A
PLANT CONSTITUENTS
17
Q
PLANT CONSTITUENTS
NO pharmacologic activity
* cellulose, lignin, suberin, cutin, starch, albumin, coloring matters
* keratin, chitin, muscle fiber, and connective tissue
A
inert
18
Q
PLANT CONSTITUENTS
referred to as “secondary” plant substances, that are usually extracted, crystallized, and purified for therapeutic use.
A
active
19
Q
constituents are either
A
single chemicals
mixtures
20
Q
3 principal factors that influence secondary constituents of drugs
A
heredity
ontogeny
environment
21
Q
stage of development
A
ontogeny
22
Q
when does the cannabidiol content of Cannabis sativa reaches its peak
A
early in the growing szn
23
Q
most important source of natural drugs
A
plants
24
Q
more than how many % of prescription drugs are natural products
A
30%
25
**%** of **anticanccer** and **anti-infective** drugs that are natural
more than 60%
26
**Plant consituents** are also known as
PLANT METABOLITES
27
**Plant constituents** comprise a variety of ____ substances that are **formed** and **accumulated** by **plants**
ORGANIC
28
the **medicinal effects** of plants are due to metabolites especially ____ produced by plant species
SECONDARY METABOLITES
29
**Primary** metabolites are produced by
PRIMARY METABOLISM
30
these are **essential** for life and are commonly **present in all organisms** in **large amounts**
PRIMARY METABOLITES
31
**Primary** metabolites are also known as
BIOMOLECULES
32
**Secondary** metabolites are also known as
PLANT CONSTITUENTS
NATURAL PRODUCTS
33
* these compounds are products of emtabolism that are **not essential** for normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism
* found in **small** or **minute** amounts
SECONDARY METABOLISM
34
plant materials that porvide **defense** against predators
toxic materials
35
**attract** or **warn** other species
coloring agents
36
* have **metabolic functions** essential for plant **growth** and **development**
* produced in **every plant**
PRIMARY METABOLITES
37
* **dont** have apparent functions involved in plant growth and development
* produced in **different plant families**, in **specific groups** of plant families or in **specific tissues**, **cells**, or **developmental stages** throughout the plant development
SECONDARY METABOLITES
38
important in the **synthesis** of **gibberelic acid**
Kaurenoic acid
39
**product** of **metabolism** of **kaurenoic acid**
abietic acid
40
a **resin** component
abietic acid
41
**product** of **metabolism** of **proline**
pipecolic acid
42
**glucose** contains what **essential fatty acid**
a-linolenic aicd
43
each plant **family**, **genus**, and **species** produces a **characteristic mix** of ____ and they can sometimes beused as ____ in **classifying plants**
secondary metabolites, taxonomic characters
44
secondary metabolites of **Solanaceae**
alkaloids
45
secondary metabolites of **Rutaceae**
flavonoids
46
secondary metabolites are **rare** in ____
animlas
47
roles of **secondary** metabolites
* defense
* detoxifying agents
* source of pharmacologically active
48
**Venus flytrap** / **Pitcher plant** produces ____ that can attract insects
mucilaginous substances / mucilages
49
**fatty acids** and **sugars** are classified as
primary metabolites
| they act as precursor in the synthesis of other metabolites
50
**secondary** metabolites facilitate in the **production** in ____
young tissues
51
are typical needed for **heterotrophic animals** that **cannot degrade their food completely** for energy production
plants - autotrophs, waste products
52
**secondary** compounds are groupeed into classes based on
structures
biosynthetic pahtways
kinds of plant that makes them
53
largest classes of secondary compounds
alkaloids
terpenoids
phenolics
54
**combination molecules of sugars** are known as
glycosides
55
**most common roles** of **secondary** compound
ecological roles
| govern interactions between plant & other organisms
56
many **secondary** compounds are **brightly colored pigments** like ____
anthocyanin
57
**anthocyanin** color **flowers** ____ and ____
red & blue
58
**Nicotine** and **other toxic compounds** may **protect** the plant from ____ and ____
herbivores & microbes
59
**visual** pollinator attractant
Rutin
60
**olfactory** pollinator attractant
Linalool
61
defense toxin
dimboa
Berberine
62
antifungal toxin
Brassilexin
63
**insect feeding** deterrent
Rotenone
64
trigger **induced accumulation** of SMs
wounding & infection
65
# **CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES**
precursor of **phenolic compounds**
gallic acid
66
# **CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES**
includes a **wide range of plant substances**, which are recognized by their **hypophilic** nature and their common origin from the aromatic precursor -- **Gallic acid**
phenolic compounds
67
# **CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES**
**phenolic compounds** are introduced via what pathway
shikimic acid pathway
68
# **CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES**
**largest** group of **phenolic** compounds
flavonoids
69
# **CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES**
**phenolic** compounds are primarily used as
antiseptic
70
the term **TERPENOID** originated from
Pinus palustris
pine tree
71
occurence of **terpenes** in nature
dimer
72
# **TERPENE CLASSIFICATION**
main constituents of **volatile oils**
mono & sesquiterpenoids
73
74
# **TERPENE CLASSIFICATION**
**steroids** are derived from **isoprene** through formation of
squalene
74
uses of terpenes
antimicrobial
anticancer
affect CNS
75
# **TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION**
fragrance (volatile)
above ground attraction
75
# **TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION**
orientation cues (non volatile)
below ground attraction
75
**Nitrogen** containing compounds are distinguished from other classes because of its
nitrogenous - basic (some)
75
# **TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION**
antimicrobial, antifeedant (non volatile)
below ground protection
75
# **TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION**
repellents, antifeedants, predator attraction
(volatile/nonvolatile)
above ground protection
76
**Nitrogen** containing compounds gives **positive result** to ____ and ____
ninhydrin
dragendorff
76
it is a phase in pharmacognosy that relates to the study of the **biochemical pathways** or **biosynthetic processes** leading to the **formation** of **secondary constituents** used as drugs
BIOGENESIS
76
**Biogenesis** is also called
drug biosynthesis
76
**all organisms** need to **provide themselves** with **energy** in the form of
ATP
77
an **integrated network of enzyme-mediated** and **carefully regulated chemical reactions**, and the **pathways involved** are termed
metabolic pathways
| INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
78
the process that involves the pathways for generally modifying and synthesizing **CHO**, **porteins**, **fats**, **nucleic acids**
primary metabolism
79
compounds involved in the primary metabolism
primary metabolites
80
**Shikimic** acid + **aromatic** amino acids can synthesize
phenylpropanoids
81
**shikimic** acid + **aromatic** amino acid **primary metabolite**
protein
82
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Co₂ + O₂
sugar
83
most important **hexose**
GLUCOSE
C₆H₁₂O₆
84
chemical formula for **isoprene**
C₅H₈
85
Mevalonate + **isoprene**
terpenoids
86
mevalonic + **squalene**
steroids
87
**mevalonate** pathway leading to ____
IPP in the cytosol
88
pathway that occurs in **plasmid**
methyl erythritol pathway MEP
89
**hydrophilic** compounds
cytosol
90
alkaloids (caffeine)
terpenoids (monoterpenes)
chloroplasts
91
amines, alkaloids
mitochondria
92
alklaoids
vesicles
93
**hydroxylation** step, **lipophilic** compounds
ER
94
water soluble SM
glycosides
95
Lipophilic SM
resins / fixed oils
96
# **SCIENTIFIC NAME**
Rubber tree
*Hevea brasiliensis*
97
IPP meaning
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
98
the **building blocks** for secondary metabolites are derived from
primary metabolism
99
**most important building blocks** employed in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are derived from the intermediates of
acetyl CoA
shikimmic acid
mevalonic acid
1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate
100
DXP means
deoxyxylulose phosphate
101
**aromatic** amino acids that are **products** from the **shikimate** pathway
phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan
102
refers to a **phenylpropyl** unit
C₆C₃
103
formed from phenylalanine unit with the **addition** of **carboxyl carbon**
C₆C₂N
104
* usually found as **heterocyclic pyrrolidine** system
* produced from **L-ornithine** (nonprotein)
C₄N
105
from **L-lysine**
C₅N
106
are for the synthesis of primary & secondary metabolites
biosynthetic pathways
107
# **PATHWAYS**
for photsynthesis
calvin cycle
108
# **PATHWAYS**
for **aromatic** compounds
shikimic acid
109
# **PATHWAYS**
for isoprenoid
terpenes
steroids
squalene
acetate-mevalonic acid
110
# **PATHWAYS**
for **fatty acids**
acetate-malonic acid
