M4 Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

Five groups of plant hormones

Auxins
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Abscisic acid and its derivatives
Ethylene

AuGibbCyAbEth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are specific in their action, are active in very low concentrations,
regulate cell enlargement, cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis, senescence and dormancy.
Plays a role on the production of secondary metabolites

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

Growth regulating hormone (1931)

AUXIN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Auxin–a

HUMAN URINE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Auxin-b

CEREAL PRODUCTS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

the major auxin of plants, and found particularly in actively growing tissues.

INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (IAA)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) – the major auxin of the plants, is found particularly in ____

actively growing tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

indoleacetaldehyde
indoleacetonitrile
indolepyruvic acid

NATURAL PRODUCTS

(precursors of IAA)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

indole-3-butyric acid
naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA)
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

SYNTHETIC AUXINS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of Auxin:
____ giving an increase in stem length

CELL ELONGATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of Auxin:
____ of root growth

INHIBITION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of Auxin:
____ production

ADVENTITIOUS ROOT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of Auxin:
____ in the absence of pollination

FRUIT-SETTING

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS | PRACTICAL USES

accelerate the rooting of woody and herbaceous cuttings

LOW CONCENTRATIONS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS | PRACTICAL USES

act as selective herbicides or weed-killers

HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* treated with derivatives of NAA, increased yield (30–50%) of oil which itself contained 4.5–9.0% more menthol

Mentha piperita
PEPPERMINT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* auxins increase tropane alkaloids

Datura species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* increase alkaloid production

THORNAPPLE (Datura stramonium), ERGOT STRAINS (Claviceps)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* enzyme for oxidative degradation of IAA

IAA OXIDASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* inhibit IAA oxidase, stimulate growth

CAFFEIC & CHLOROGENIC ACIDS & QUERCETIN (ortho-diphenols)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | AUXINS

Effects of auxin in formation of secondary metabolites:
* promote the action of IAA oxidase, and so inhibit growth.

p-coumaric acid (monophenol)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

Started with the (Japanese) “bakanae”, disease of rice, causing excessively tall and are unable to support themselves.

GIBBERELLINS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

Gibberellins are isolated in ____

1926

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

Gibberellins are isolated in 1926 from the fungus ____

Gibberella fugikuroi

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** **GA3** is also known as

gibberellic acid

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** in what **year** does **gibberellins** were **obtained** from **plants**

1956

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** in **1956**, **gibberellins** were obtained from which **plants**

**liquid endosperm** of the **wild cucumber** (*Echinocytis macrocarpa*) and **gibberellic acid** (pea shoots)

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** **when** was **crystalline GA** isolated

1958

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** in **1958**, **crystalline GA** was **isolated** from ____

*Phaseolus multiflorus* runner bean

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** EFFECTS: Application in **short node plants** and **dwarf varieties** of plants

grow to the **same height** as **taller** varieties

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** **growth effect** of gibberellins arises by **cell elongation** in the ____ region where **young internodes are developing**

subapical meristem

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** **initiation** of the **synthesis** of various ____ and ____ enzymes upon which **seed germination** and **seedling establishment depend**

hydrolytic and proteolytic

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** Gibberellins is useful in the ff **secondary metabolites**: * **Volatile oils** and **terpenoids**

*Chenopodium ambrosioides* and *Anethum spp.* and *Anethum graveolens*

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** Gibberellins is useful in the ff **secondary metabolites**: * Alkaloids

Belladonna *Atropa belladonna*

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | GIBBERELLINS** Gibberellins is useful in the ff **secondary metabolites**: * Glycosides

*Digitalis purpurea* foxglove

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS** * Are substances that have **specific effect in cell division** (cytokinesis). * Also **regulate** the **pattern** and **frequency** of **organ production** as well as **position** and **shape**

CYTOKININS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** the **specific effect** of **cytokinins** in **cell division** is called

CYTOKINESIS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** effect of cytokinins

**inhibitory** effect on **senescence**

process of **deterioration with age**

senescence

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** cytokinins was **indicated** from **liquid endosperm** of the ____ and in **extracts** of ____ at the **milky stage**

COCONUT, MAIZE EMBRYOS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** Effects of cytokinins: * are used to **promote** the **formation** of ____ from **undifferentiated cells**.

ADVENTITTIOUS BUDS & SHOOTS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** Effects of cytokinins: * ____ of **berberine** (Thalictrum minus), **condensed tannins** (Onobrychis viccifolia) and **rhodoxanthin** (Ricinus)

BIOSYNTHESIS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** Effects of cytokinins: * increases in **growth** and **alkaloid** yield

*Hyoscyamus muticus* Egyptian henbane

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | CYTOKININS** Effects of cytokinins: * **Leaves** of the **coffee plant**

increase up to 10% in their caffeine content

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS** * **Natural growth inhibitors** are present in plants and **affect bud opening**, **seed germination** and **development of dormancy** * is **stucturally similar** and **related** to **carotenoids**, **xanthophylls**, particularly **violaxanthin**, whose activity is similar also with ABA, producing a **germination inhibitor** on **exposure to light**.

ABSCISSIC ACID

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ABSCISSIC ACID** * **maleic hydrazide** * **N – dimethylaminosuccinamic acid** shoot – elongation inhibitor * **Phosphon** [tributyl 2,4 –dichlorobenzylphosphonium chloride)

SYNTHETIC GROWTH INHIBITORS

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS** * **Produced by fruits** and **responsible** for its’ **ripening** * stimulation of the **de novo synthesis** and **secretion** of **cell-wall dissolving enzymes** such as **cellulose** during **leaf abscission** (detachment of plant part) and **fruit ripening**.

EHTYLENE

**detachment** of plant part

leaf abscission

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ETHYLENE** **Commercial** form of ethylene

ETHREL

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ETHYLENE** Now increasingly used as standard practice for **enhancing the flow of rubber latex**. Sprayed on to the scraped bark (tapping groove) of the rubber tree it increases latex yields by from 36 to 130%

ETHEPHON

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ETHYLENE** EFFECTS: * *Cassia angustifolia*

increase the **sennoside** conc.

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ETHYLENE** EFFECTS: * **Tobacco leaves** - stimulates production of the **stress compounds** ____ and ____ | (these are compounds produced in response to **tobacco mosaic virus**).

phytuberin and phytuberol

# **PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS | ETHYLENE** EFFECTS: * *Digitalis lanata*

**cardenolide** accumulation is **decreased**

# **Other growth regulators** structures of **cadinane**, **acorane** and **eudesmane** * produces a number of ____ in ***Acorus calamus*** and **inhibit** the **germination** of **lettuce seeds**

sesquiterpenes

# **Other growth regulators** found in the **seeds**, **pollens**, **galls**, **leaves**, **flower-buds** and **shoots** of plants, it **stimulate cell enlargement** and **cell division** and **influence gene expression** and **nucleic acid metabolism** at the molecular level

brassinosteroids