HYDROCARBONS Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
carbon compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen
A
hydrocarbons
2
Q
organic acids
A
RCOOH
3
Q
- high frequency on living organisms
- participate in essential metabolism
- function in association with coenzymes
- accumulate as simple salts, ester, and amides
A
ORGANIC ACIDS
4
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS
- intermediates in the early stages of the biosynthesis of fats, isoprenoid compounds and various amino acids
- present in esterified form (plant kingdom)
A
C1-C6 Monocarboxylic acid
(hydroxy or keto derivatives)
(-OH, ROR)
5
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS
C1-C6 Monocarboxylic acids are present in what form
A
esterified form
6
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS
- important component of plant
- common in lipids and related substances
- obtained by hydrolysis of fats
- usually contains even number of carbon atoms
- occur mainly as esters of natural fats and oils but do occur in the unesterified form as free fatty acids
A
Fatty acids
7
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS
two common aromatic acids
A
benzoic
cinnamic
8
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
- HCOOH
- Formica rufa (red ant)
- Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)
- combined in the gitaloxigenin (cardioactive glycosides) and N-formyl-L-methionine
A
FORMIC ACID
9
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
- an intermediate metabolite in the form of acetyl CoA
- common in esterified form
A
ACETIC ACID
10
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Formic acid is combined in ____ and ____
A
gitaloxigenin & N-formyl-L-methionine
11
Q
cardioactive glycosides
A
gitaloxigenin
12
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Acetic acid is common in what form
A
esterified form
13
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
- produced in the fatty acid
- oxidative cycle when an acyl-CoA with an odd number of carbon atoms is involved
A
PROPIONIC ACID
14
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Propionic acid is porduced in the
A
fatty acid
15
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
PROPIONIC ACID:
when does oxidative cycle occurs
A
when an acyl-CoA w/ odd number C atoms is involved
16
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
- Ceratonia siliqua (Carob beans), Croton oil (ethyl ester)
- resin component of Convolvulaceae and minor tropane alkaloids
A
ISO-BUTYRIC ACID
17
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
substitute for chocolates
A
Carob beans
Ceratonia siliqua
18
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Iso-butyric acid is the resin component of ____ & ____
A
Convolvulaceae
minor tropane alkaloids
19
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
- combine/free on Valeriana spp., combine (valeroidine) tropane alkaloids, pyranocoumarin, dihyrosamidin
- may induce drowsiness, preterm labor or abortion
A
VALERIC & ISO-VALERIC ACID
20
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
VALERIC & ISO-VALERIC ACID:
which is not common?
A
Valeric
21
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Valeric & Iso-valeric acid are found in what plant
A
Valeriana spp
22
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Valeriana spp is available as
A
tea
23
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Valeriana spp. use/s
A
anxiolytic
24
Q
MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
Contraindication for Valeric & Iso-valeric acid
A
abortion
not used in pregnant women
25
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
* present in **tropane** and ***Veratrum*** **alkaloids**, **convolvulaceous glycosides** and **visnadin (pyranocoumarin)**
2-METHYLBUTYRIC ACID
26
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
* **croton oil** (*Croton tiglium*)
* **unsaturated**
CROTONOIC ACID (trans-butenoic acid)
27
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
**Crotonoic acid** is also known as
trans-butenoic acid
28
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
* **glycoside** (croton oil), minor acid in **tigloidine**
* present in **Convolvulaceous resins** and **Symphytum alkaloids**
TIGLIC ACID
29
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
**Tiglic acid** is minor acid in
tigloidine
30
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
* **present** in the **rhizome** of ***Angelica***, **schizanthine**, **chamomile oil**
* **component** of **cevadine** and ***Symphytum*** alkaloid
ANGELIC ACID
31
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
occurs in **traces** in **many fats**
n-butyric acid & caproic acid
32
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID**
* present in ***Senecio***, alkaloids of ***Dioscorea*** & ***Schizanthus***
* present in **samidin** (pyranocoumarin)
SENECIOIC ACID
33
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS**
**fats** are obtained from
hydrolysis of fats
34
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS**
a fatty acid that does **not** contain an **even** number of atoms
margaric acid
35
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
* **no** double bonds
* stearic, palmitic
saturated
36
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
* containing **one** or **more** double bonds
UNSATURATED
37
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
NOMENCLATURE:
**saturated**
-anoic
38
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
NOMECLATURE;
**unsaturated**
-enoic
39
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
**terminal methyl C** is known as ____ which **indicate** the **number** and **position** of the **double bond**
omega
40
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
what makes them **reactive**
removal of H
40
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS**
* source: **Soft coral** (*Plexaura homomalla*)
* involved in **platelet aggregation** and **inflammatory process**
* promote **smooth muscle contraction**
* act as **bronchospasmodic** and in the **development of local anesthetics**
PGA2
| Prostaglandin A2
41
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
occurs in **coca leaves**
Cinnamic acid
42
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
o-hydroxybenzoic acid
salicylic acid
43
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
Protocatechuic acid
44
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid
Veratric acid
45
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
Gallic acid
46
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
p-hydroxycinnamic acid
P-coumaric acid
47
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
hydroxymethoxycinnamic acid
Ferulic acid
48
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
hydroxycinnamic acid
Caffeic acid
49
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
tetrahydrozyhexabonzoic acid
quinic acid
50
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
acid with an **alcohol group** present in **Cinchona** and in some **gymnosperm**
Quinic acid
51
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
from genus ***Prunus*** (almonds)
Mandelic acids
52
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
* served as **important metabolite sources** for **star anise (chinese)**, needles of **Pinaceae** and **gum tree** *Liquidambar styraciflua*
Shikimic acid
53
toxic star anise
japanese
54
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
**Caffeotannic acid** (condensation product of caffeic + quinic acid)
chlorogenic acid
55
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS**
what **reaction** occurs between **caffeic** & **quinic** acid to **produce** **caffeotannic** acid
condensation
56
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS**
* **preservative** of choice for **fresh fruit juices**
* constituent of **Whitfield's ointment** which is used for the **treatment of fungal skin diseases** such as **tinea**, **ringworm**, and **athlete's foot**
Benzoic acid & its salt
57
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT**
* **sodium salt** of benzoic acid
* used preferably as one of the **principal antimicrobial preservatives** in **food** and **beverages**
* also used in **medications**, **anti-fermentation additives** and **tableting lubricant** for phramaceuticals
SODIUM BENZOATE
58
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT**
* **keratolytic**
* **fungicidal**
* treatment of **hyperkeratotic**, **dandruff**, **ichthyosis**, and **psoriasis**
* antiseptic in toothpaste
SALICYLIC ACID
59
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT**
SALICYLIC ACID:
tx of **hyperpigmentation** and **warts**
keratolytic
60
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT**
SALICYLIC ACID:
tx of **fungal skin infections** such as tinea
fungicidal
61
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
COOH₂
* **bleaching agent**
Oxalic acid
62
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
source of **oxalic acid**
kamias, star fruit
63
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
CH₂(COOH)₂
MALONIC ACID
64
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
(CH₂)₂(COOH)₂
SUCCINIC ACID
65
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
[COOH-CH=CH-COOH]
FUMARIC ACID
66
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
(COOH-CH₂-CHOH-COOH)
* skin of **apple** (*Malus domestica*)
MALIC ACID
67
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID**
COOH-(CHOH)2-COOH
* **tamarind** especially **unripe**
* brown when ripe due to inverted sugar and laxative potential
TARTARIC ACID
68
# **MONOBASIC ACIDS**
* **Citric** acid (acidolant)
* **Isocitric** acid
* **Aconitic** acid (Aconitum spp.)
TRIBASIC ACIDS
69
* **-ol**; possess **one** or **more hydroxyl groups** (free or ester)
* can be classified as: **primary**, **secondary**, **tertiray**
ALCOHOLS
70
# **ALCOHOLS**
* **aliphatic**
* esters like **methyl salicylate** (source: *Betula lenta*)
* esters of **long-chain alcohols**: ***cetyl***, ***ceryl***, ***myricyl***, ***myricyl ceroate***
MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS
71
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
**source** of methyl salicylate
*Betula lenta*
72
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
* **fruity** odor
* **Oil of Wintergreen** / Betula
methyl salicylate
73
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
C**₁₆**H**₃₃**OH
cetyl alcohol
74
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
C**₂₆**H**₅₃**OH
CERYL ALCOHOL
75
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
C**₃₀**H**₆₁**OH
MYRICYL ALCOHOL
76
# **MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
* **Carnauba** wax
* tablet **polishing** agent
myricyl cerotate
77
# **AROMATIC ALCOHOLS**
C₆H₅CH₂OH
BENZYL ALCOHOL
78
# **AROMATIC ALCOHOLS**
C₆H₅CH=CHCH₂OH
CINNAMYL ALCOHOL
79
# **AROMATIC ALCOHOLS**
* component of the important **strengthening** compound in the material of plant cell wall (**lignin**)
* from **heartwood**
CONIFERYL ALCOHOL
80
**strengthening** compound in the plant cell wall
lignin
81
# **AROMATIC ALCOHOLS**
**Coniferyl** alcohol is from
heartwood
82
# **ALCOHOL**
* Benzyl alcohol
* Cinnamyl alcohol
* Coniferyl alcohol
AROMATIC
83
# **ALCOHOLS**
* from **MVA** pathway
* **noncyclic**
* **monocyclic**
* **dicyclic**
TERPENE ALCOHOLS
84
# **ALCOHOLS**
**Terpene** alcohols are from what pathway
MVA - mevalonic acid
85
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
* **geraniol** (otto of rose)
* **nerol** (orange and bergamot)
* **linalol** (as linalyl acetate in lavender and rosemary)
noncyclic
86
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
NONCYCLIC:
**otto of rose**
geraniol
87
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
NONCYCLIC:
**orange** and **bergamot**
nerol
88
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
NONCYCLIC:
as **linalyl acetate** in **lavender** and **rosemary**
linalol
89
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
* **terpeneol** (neroli oil)
* **menthol** (peppermint oil)
monocyclic
90
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
MONOCYCLIC:
**neroli oil**
terpineol
91
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
MONOCYCLIC:
**peppermint oil**
menthol
92
# **TERPENE ALCOHOLS**
* **Sabinol** (*Juniperus sabina*)
* **borneol**
dicyclic
93
# **ALCOHOLS**
* aka **glycols**
* **3,6-dihydroxytropane**
* **Panaxadiol** (component of **ginseng steroid**)
* **Plyenediol** or **oenanthotoxin** (**toxic** component of **hemclock**)
DIHYDIC ALCOHOLS
94
# **DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
component of **ginseng steroid**
PANAXADIOL
95
# **DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS**
toxic component of **hemlock**
POLYENEDIOL / OENANTHOTOXIN
96
# **ALCOHOLS**
aka **glycerol**
TRIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS
97
# **ALCOHOLS**
* **Carbohydrates**
* **Meso-erythritol**
* **Hexahydric sugar alcohols**
POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL
98
# **POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS**
found in **seaweeds** & **lichens**
MESO-ERYTHRITOL
99
# **POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL**
* **sorbitol** (rosaceous fruits)
* **mannitol** (manna)
* **dulcitol** (Euonymus)
| all are artifical sweetening agent (non sugar)
HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS
100
# **POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS**
SOURCE:
**sorbitol**
rosaceous fruits
101
# **POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS**
SOURCE:
**mannitol**
manna
102
# **POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS**
SOURCE:
**dulcitol**
euonymus
103
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
* **92.3%** by **weight**
* **94.9%** or **95%** by **volume**
* **70%** used as **local anti-infective**
ETHANOL
104
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
ETHANOL:
% by **weight**
92.3%
105
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
ETHANOL:
% by **volume**
94.9% or 95%
106
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
ETHANOL:
% as **local anti-infective**
70%
107
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
**48.4%** - **49.5%** used as **solvent**
DILUTED ALCOHOL
108
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
% of **diluted alcohol** used as **solvent**
48.4% - 49.5%
109
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
**distillation** from **wine**
BRANDY
110
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
fermented **malted grain**
WHISKY
111
# **OTHER ALCOHOLS**
fermented **molasses**
RUM
112
* chemical combination of **COOH** and **OH** with **release of water**
* **dehydration condensation**
ESTERS
