M1L1 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
is regarded as the “mother of all science”
A
pharmacognosy
2
Q
pharmacognosy is regarded as
A
mother of all science
3
Q
They acquired knowledge of medicinal properties of plants in the following ways:
A
- guess work or trial & error
- search for food
- signature of nature
- instict of animals between toxic & palatable
- accidental
4
Q
who monopolized the knowledge of drugs and
hide that knowledge in some incantations.
A
medicine men
5
Q
Pre-Historic Evidence of Pharmacognosy
A
7 out 8 species of pollen grains
6
Q
where Pre-Historic Evidence of Pharmacognosy
A
Shanidar, Iraq
7
Q
- food gathering to food producing economy
- make use of stone as tools for hunting
- in the history of herbalism (phytotherapy)
A
New Stone Age
8
Q
NEW STONE AGE
prepared food and healing potions
A
women
9
Q
NEW STONE AGE
compiled the remedies and wrote them down
A
men
10
Q
land between two rivers
A
mesopotamia
11
Q
- Birch Polypore (Medicinal mushrooms)
- SN: Piptoporus betulinus or Fomitopsis betulina
- AC: Agaric acid
- Uses: strong purgative (strong laxative effect that may lead to dehydration)/anti-mycobacteria, toxic
A
Early Arabic and European Records
12
Q
- Cuneiform writing
- “Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis” (1,600 B.C)
- Babylonians
A
Ancient Mesopotamia
13
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
the dominant system of writing in Mesopotamia
also known as baked clay tablets
A
cuneiform writing
14
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
- Consist of 40 tablets, it was collected and studied by Jean Baptiste Labat.
- Example includes the management of excessive bleeding.
A
Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis
15
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
the Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis consists of how many tablets
A
40 tablets
16
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and
Prognosis was collected and studied by
A
Jean Baptiste Labat
17
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary
A
Babylonians
18
Q
what is apothecary
A
pharmacy
19
Q
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Text on clay tablet includes
4
A
- record of first symptoms of illness
- prescription
- directions for compounding
- invocation to the gods
20
Q
- sometimes called as “sorcerer”
- Diagnose the ailment
A
ashipu
21
Q
Specialist in herbal remedies
A
asu
22
Q
- Emperor Sheng Nung
- Investigated the medicinal value of herbs by tasting herbs to discover their qualities.
- Written the first Pen T-Sao which is a recording of 365 drug
- He was able to study podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark and ephedra
- Shang Hang Lun written by Chang Chung-Ching
- Chin Kuei Yao Lueh
- Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu written by Tao Hong Jing
A
Ancient China
23
Q
ANCIENT CHINA
Investigated the medicinal value of herbs by tasting herbs to discover their qualities.
A
Emperor Sheng Nung
24
Q
ANCIENT CHINA
Emperor Sheng Nung wrote the first ____ which is a recording of 365 drugs
A
Pen T-Sao
25
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
how many drugs does Pen T-Sao contains
365
26
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
Emperor Sheng Nung studied the herbs by
tasting the herbs
27
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**classification** of the 365 drugs based on Emperor Sheng Nung
* Emperor's Herb
* Minister's Herb
* Servant's Herb
28
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**food grade** herb, for **large** intakes, **safe**
Emperor's herb
29
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**mildly** toxic, **slight** irritation
Minister's herb
30
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
generally poisonous
Servant's herb
31
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**cinnamon bark** was first found in
Ceylon
| known today as **Sri Lanka**
32
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**ephedra** is also called as
Ma Huang
33
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Shang Hang Lun** is written by
Chang Chung-Ching
34
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
* **Companion book** of Shang Hang Lun
* **Historical origin** of the most important classical herbal formulas that have became the **basis** of **Chinese** and **Chinese-Japanese herbalism** “**kampo**”
Chin Kuei Yao Lueh
35
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Chinese**-**Japanese** herbalism
kampo
36
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Pen T'sao Jing Ji Zhu** is written by
Tao Hong Jing
37
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**730** herbs, described and classified into **6 categories**
Pen T'sao Jing Ji Zhu
38
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
how many herbs in **Pen T'sao Jing Ji Zhu**
730
39
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
the herbs are **described** and **classified** into how many categories in **Pen T'sao Jing Ji Zhu**
6 categories
40
# **ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO**
**traditional Japanese medicine**, is sometimes referred to as
low dose Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
41
# **ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO**
the **compendium** of Japanese medicine.
daidoruijoho
42
# **ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO**
a **court physician** who compiled the **Ishinho**
Yasuyori Tamba
43
# **ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO**
consisted of **30 scrolls** detailing the medical knowledge of the **Sui** and **T’ang dynasties**.
Ishinho
44
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
* **Standard pharmaceutical system** has been established throughout China
* The preparation differs according to the **needs for the treatment of disease**.
Sung dynasty
45
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
* **Bibliography of the History of Sui** (Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi)
* **How to Cultivate Herbs** (Zhong Zhi Yue Fa)
* **How to Collect Herbs in the Forest** (Ru Lin Cai Yue Fa)
Sui dynasty
46
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
* **Herbal with Commentary** (Pen T'sao Kan Mu). Written by **Li Shi Zhen**.
* With 3 revisions, the book contains **1892 drugs**, 376 described for the first time with 1,160 drawings. It also contains more than **11,000 prescriptions.**
Later Ming dynasty
47
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
Herbal with Commentary
Pen T'sao Kan Mu
48
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Pen T'sao Kan Mu** is written by
Li Shi Zhen
49
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Pen T'sao Kan Mu** contains how many drugs **described for the first time**
376
50
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Pen T'sao Kan Mu** contains **how many drugs**
1892
51
# **ANCIENT CHINA**
**Pen T'sao Kan Mu** contains **how many prescriptions**
11,000
52
* Ebers Papyrus
* Edwin Smith Papyrus
* Kahun Medical Papyrus
Ancient Egypt
53
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
* The **most complete** medical document, the **oldest** and the **most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt**;
* It is a collection of **800 prescriptions**, mentioning **700 drugs**;
* Is a **110-page scroll**, which is about **20 meters long**.
Ebers Papyrus
54
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
Ebers Papyrus is **named after**
George Ebers
55
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
Ebers Papyrus contains how many **prescriptions**
800
56
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
Ebers Papyrus mentions how many **drugs**
700
57
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
how many **pages** is the Ebers Papyrus
110
58
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
each scroll of the Ebers Papyrus is **how many meters long**
20 meters
59
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
contains **surgical instructions** and **formulas** for **cosmetics** (contains **heavy metals**)
Edwin Smith Papyrus
60
# **ANCIENT EGYPT**
is the **oldest** and **deals with health of women**, including **birthing instructions**
Kahun Medical Papyrus
61
**Ayurveda** means
ayur - life
veda - study of
"Biology"
"study of life"
62
* mentioned medicines from plants like **ricinus**, **pepper**, **lily**, **valerian** etc.
* has **three main** parts and **three minor** parts
Ayurvedic writing
63
# **AYURVEDIC WRITING**
what does **ricinus** produce
castor oil
64
# **AYURVEDIC WRITING**
a book that is **similar** to chinese Pen T'sao
Samhita
65
* **Indonesian traditional medicine**
* **Carvings** at the **temple** of **Borobudur**, depict the **use of kalpataruh leaves** (‘the tree that never dies’) to make medicines
* **Two** of the **most important manuscripts** – **Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi** (‘A treatise on all manner of cures’) and **Serat Centhini** (‘Book of Centhini’) – are in the Surakarta Palace library.
Jamu
66
# **JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE**
**Carvings** at the **temple** of **Borobudur**, depict the use of
kalpataruh leaves
67
# **JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE**
**kalpataruh leaves** is also called as
the tree that never dies
68
# **JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE**
Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi
A treatise on all manner of cures
69
# **JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE**
Serat Centhini
Book of Centhini
70
# **JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE**
**local** name of **Java tea**
balbas pusa
71
* Suggest that around 2500 B.C, **Sumerians** already had **commerce of crude drugs**.
* Assyrians 660 B.C **250 drugs were recognized**, **discovered** and **cultivated** by them.
King Ashurbanipal
72
**how many drugs** were recognized, discovered, and cultivated by the **Assyrians**
250
73
the Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
74
* known to be as the **first nature doctor**
* he advocated **water/hydrotherapy**
Hippocrates
75
# **ANCIENT GREECE & ROME**
A **student of great philosopher Plato** listed more than **500 plants of medicinal importance** with their **description** and **uses**.
Aristotle
76
# **ANCIENT GREECE & ROME**
* Wrote the **De Historia Plantarum** and **De Causis Plantarum**.
* These book contains many kinds of plants and **how they are used in medicine**, **how to grow them**.
Theophrastus
77
# **ANCIENT GREECE & ROME**
books that **Theophrastus** wrote
De Historia Plantarum
De Causis Plantarum
78
# **ANCIENT GREECE & ROME**
* **First herbalist** who produced an **illustrated work** on medicinal plants
* also known to be the **Father of Ancient phytography** (the art and science of **plant illustration**)
Krateus
79
* wrote **De Materia Medica**
* **unofficial** Father of Pharmacology
Pedanios Dioscorides
80
**Pedanios Dioscorides** wrote ____
De Materia Medica
81
* Is an **organized pharmaceutical** and **medical knowledge**;
* Gives information pertaining to **drug** and their **usage**;
* concerning medical matter in **five volumes**.
De Materia Medica libri quinque
82
how many **volumes** of De Materia Medica
5
83
* wrote **Natural History**
* He reports from **writings of many authors** whose work **does not survive**.
* known to be the **Ancient plagiarist**
* He **extensively copied the manuscripts** to **preserve** from **war** and **fires** and compiled them.
Pliny de Elder
84
**largest collection** on plants from the **Roman Period**. Serves as a valuable resource for the medicinal uses of plants in ancient medicine
Natural history
85
a **3rd Century AD Greek physician**, who codified the **preparation of drugs** using multiple ingredients by **mechanical means** called **galenicals**
Claudius Galen
86
reqs for **Galenicals**
* natural / plant origin
* mechanical preparation
87
* **Medicinal materials**
* Substances and products **derived from natural sources** and was employed by the physician during the **Ancient Greece and Rome**
Materia medica
88
# **MIDDLE AGES**
* one of the **brilliant contributors** to **Pharmacy** and **Medicine**.
* He wrote **Book of Healing (Kitab Al-Shifa)** and the **Canon of Medicine**.
Ibn Sina
89
* Ibn Sina
* **beginning of trade**
* Persian Galen
Middle ages
90
# **MIDDLE AGES**
what did **Ibn Sina** wrote
Book of Healing (Kitab Al-Shifa)
Canon of Medicine
91
**Pharmacy** was **separated** from **Medicine** in
Sicily & southern Italy
92
he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict **completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine**, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
93
* Herbarium Apuleius
* The Leech Vook of Bald
* Family Myddvai
Anglo-Saxon Leechcraft
94
anglo saxon means
old english
95
# **ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT**
one of the **most copied** herbal manuscripts, contains **over 100 herbs**
herbarium apuleius
96
# **ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT**
contains **many formulas** and **herbal remedies** in a **fairly sophisticated system of therapeutics**.
the leech book of bald
97
# **ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT**
practiced herbalism in a **highly artful degree**, their work is written in **Physicians of Myddvai**.
family myddvai
98
* During the Middle Ages, remnants of Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the **monasteries** (5th – 12th centuries).
* Manuscripts were translated or copied for **monastery libraries**.
* **Monks cultivate herbs in the garden**, herbs were prepared based on the art of apothecary
Monastic pharmacy
99
Otto Brunfels
Hiernonymus Bock
the renaissance
100
* **The First Official Pharmacopoeia**
* originated in **Florence, Italy**
* It was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.
* Guild of Apothecaries and Medical Society
De Nuovo Receptario
101
Father of **Modern** Phytography
Hiernonymus Bock
102
wrote **Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis** (Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians)
martin de la cruz
103
skeletal muscle relaxant
curare
104
* **Father of Toxicology**
* introduced **minerals** into medical practice and called for the extraction of the active principle from animals, plants or minerals.
* According to him, healing was due to ‘the **power of life**, which is only supported by the medical doctor and the medicine’
Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim
Paracelsus
105
the **Worshipful Society of Apothecaries** was founded in
London
106
it formed **its own garden of medicinal plants**, known today as the **Chelsea Physic Garden**
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries
107
* One of the **most well-known English apothecaries** (and astrologers) of the 17th century
* Known for **‘Culpeper’s herbal’**
* This is the only herbal that rivals in popularity John Gerard’s General historie of plantes
Nicholas Culpeper
108
**Pharmacognosy** was found in what year
1811
109
* **Johann Adam Schmidt** (1759-1809)
* **Carolus Linnaeus** (naming and classifying plants - Binomial nomenclature)
* At the end, **crude drugs** were still being used as **powders**, **simple extracts**, or **tinctures**.
18th century
110
* the **chemical structures** of many of the isolated compounds were **determined**.
* The progress achieved during this century in the field of botanical sciences had a **direct influence in Pharmacognosy**.
19th century
111
led to the **development** of a field of research now called **natural product chemistry** or, specifically for plants, **phytochemistry** where pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be isolated and characterized.
early 19th century
112
**Morphine** from **opium poppy** was first identified by
Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner
113
**Salicin**, from **willow bark** was first isolated by
Johannes Buchner
114
**Salicin**, from willow bark was **derivatized** first by ____ to yield **salicylic acid**
Rafaele Pirea
115
**Salicin**, from willow bark was later **derivatized** by ____ to yield **acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin**
bayer company
116
**Quinine**, from **cinchona bark** was first isolated by
Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaime Caventou
117
**Atropine** is from
belladonna
118
**Atropine** (**1833**), from **belladonna** (Atropa belladonna L., Solanaceae), was used at the time for
asthma
119
**Coniine**, a **highly poisonous** natural product, was first isolated in 1826 from
* Socrates used this to commit suicide
* it was the **first alkaloid to have its structure elucidated**
hemlock
120
**Emetine** is from ____ used as an emetic and as well as in cough medications
ipecacuanha
121
**Strychnine** is from ____ and was used as a **tonic** and **stimulant**
nux-vomica
122
* **French physiologist** - conducted detailed studies on the pharmacological effects of plant extracts, studied **curare** – a drug and arrow poison used by the American Indians of the Amazon
* He was also able to demonstrate that the main cause of death was by **muscular paralysis**, and that **animals showed no signs of nervousness or pain**.
CLAUDE BERNARD
123
the **botanical source of curare** was identified as
Chondrodendrone tomentosum
124
* **Animal kingdom**;
* **Microorganisms**
* Tremendous work has been done in this field and phytochemistry as a distinct branch in science was evolved.
* Constituents isolated from the plants were not only used as such, buy they were also used for semi-synthesis and also as model for the synthetic drugs
20th century
125
# **20TH CENTURY**
Discovery of the **antibacterial properties** of **fungal metabolites** such as **benzylpenicillin**, by
Florey & Fleming
126
Advent of synthetic chemistry in the field of pharmacy.
Where ____; used **methylene blue** (chemotherapeutic agent) in the treatment of **mild forms of malaria** in 1891
Paul Ehrlich
127
Father of **Modern Chemotherapy**
Paul Ehrlich
128
* **1st British Pharmacognosist**; gave Pharmacognosy its **pharmaceutical basis** and **application**;
* **founder of British Pharmacognosy**
Jonathan Pereira
129
**most outstanding applied pharmacognosist**
Daniel Hanbury
130
applied pharmacognosist who stand out **both in quality and quantity**.
E. M Holmes
131
transformed the **old academic pharmacognosy** by their contribution to the **elimination** of **adulteration** from powdered drugs.
H. G. Greenish and T. E. Wallis
132
* researches dealt particularly on the **morphology**, **physiology** and **biochemistry** of drug plants.
* She has done studies on the pharmacognosy of **agar** (from Philippine seaweed), rauwolfia, datura, mint and piper species; these are considered pioneering research efforts in **local pharmaceutical science**.
Magdalena C. Cantoria
133
**pharmakon** means
drug
134
**gignosco** means
to acquire knowledge
135
* Discovered the use of **digitalis** and published “**An Account of The Foxglove and Some of Its Medicinal Uses**”.
* In 1875, the **first active part of foxglove** was isolated and called **digitoxin**.
William Withering
136
* Isolated the first **opium’s** narcotic principle **morphine**.
* He also recognize and prove the **importance of alkaloids**.
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Seturner
137
They isolated:
* **Emetine** - ipecacuanha
* **Strychnine** & **Burcine** - nux vomica
* **Quinine** and **Cinchonine** - cinchona barks
Joseph-Bieniamin Caventou and Pierre-Joseph Pelletier
