PHYTOCHEMISTRY Flashcards
1
Q
study of composition of plant principle, their extraction, biosynthesis and identification
A
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
2
Q
HISTORY
- slow progress
- era of pure compounds
- know how to prepare crude drugs (thru incineration)
- has difficulty in differentiating poisonous vs. non-poisonous plants
A
19th century
3
Q
responsible for contact dermatitis due to poison oak, ivy
A
urushiol
4
Q
sugar was isolated from sugar cane by using
A
alcohol
5
Q
who isolated sugar from sugar cane
A
Nicholas Lemery
6
Q
- disposed aristotle’s theory of 4 elements
- didnt isolate or purify an alkaloid
- used potassium carbonate and alcohol to purify but wasnt able to finish
A
Robert Boyle
7
Q
isolated sugar from sugar beet
A
A.S. Marggraf
8
Q
- Father of Modern Phytochemistry
- isolated many organic or plant acids such as citric acid from citrus, malic acid, gallic acid, oxlic acid, tartaric acid, prussic acid
A
K.W. Scheele
9
Q
malic acid is from
A
apple
10
Q
oxalic acid is from
A
kamias
11
Q
tartaric acid is from
A
grapes
12
Q
- first alkaloid
- all has nitrogen in their structure
A
Narcotine
13
Q
elucidated the chemical nature of fats (margaric acid) and fixed oils
A
Mitchel Eugene Chevreul
14
Q
era of structure determination
A
middle 20th century
15
Q
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
dried plants
A
powdered before extraction
16
Q
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
Fresh plants
A
homogenized / macerated w/ alohol
17
Q
general solvent
A
alcohol (80%)
18
Q
solvent for essential & fixed oils
A
light petroleum
19
Q
solvent for alkaloids, quinones
A
ether & chloroform
20
Q
solvent for basification (water-immsicible)
A
alkaloids
21
Q
solvent for aromatic acids & phenols
A
acidification
22
Q
EXTRACTION
repeated maceration with agitation, percolation or continuous using a hot solvent
A
EXTRACTION
23
Q
EXTRACTION
utilize unscented fat in the preparation of pomade
A
enfleurage
24
Q
EXTRACTION
sound waves - can damage hearing
A
sonification
25
# **EXTRACTION**
part of rotavapor where the **material is placed**
thimble
26
# **EXTRACTION**
* also known as **ball mill**
* uses **tumbling** motility
spouted bed extraction
27
temperature where the **solid** & **liquid mixes**
supercritical fluid
28
# **EXTRACTION**
* extraction of **herbal medicines**, **flavorant**, **cosmetics**
Supercritical fluid extraction
29
# **EXTRACTION**
reported that **supercriticial fluid extraction** can be used in **research** and **medicine**
Cagniard de la Tour
30
# **EXTRACTION**
suitable for **volatile oil** containing drugs
solid phase microextraction
31
# **EXTRACTION**
oppostie of absorption; release
desorption
32
the **most difficult** operation in phytochemistry
Separation & isolation
| bcs time consuming
33
method of choice in **isolation** and **purification** of **caffeine**
| solid to gas
SUBLIMATION
34
used in isolation of **volatile oils**
distillation
35
# **DISTILLATION**
* for **volatile** oils
* using mixtures with **varying boiling points**
fractional distillation
36
# **DISTILLATION**
useful in isolating volatile oils and **HCN**
steam distillation
37
employed in isolation and purification of **alkaloids** (weakest to strongest base)
fractional liberation
38
* a method used in **traditional isolations **and **still valuable** for the resolution of often otherwise **intractable mixtures**
* frequently derivatives of the particular components are employed (**picrates** of **alkaloids**, **osazones** of **sugars**)
fractional crystallization
39
substance **to be separated** during chromatography
analyte
40
visual output
chromatogram
41
**mobile phase leaving the column** (solvent); **solution obtained**
eluate
42
solvent that **carry the analyte**
eluent
43
process of **desorption**
elution
44
moves in **definite** direction
mobile phase
45
**fixed place** for the chromatographic procedure
stationary phase
46
reagent used for visualization
ninhydrin
47
# **CHROMATOGRAPHY**
* one of the **oldest** and **most useful**
* utilizes a **mobile liquid** or **gaseous phase** that is **adsobed onto the surface** of a **stationary phase**
* ex: light petroleum extract of green leaves
Adsorption chormatography
48
* **Martin** & **Synge** (1941): **acetylated amino acids**
* **Evans** & **Partridge** (1948): **alkaloids**
* **replaced** by **HPLC**
* **inexpensive**, **easy** to **set-up** & **operate**
Partition chromatography / Paper chromatography
49
# **CHROMATOGRAPHY**
method of choice for **fractionation**
partition chromatography on paper
50
# **CHROMATOGRAPHY**
* **highly improved form** of column chromatography
* **expensive**
* use **narrow columns**
* temperature of **200C** and use of **high pressure**
* employ **small pre-column** containing a **cartridge**
HPLC / High-speed LC
51
# **CHROMATOGRAPHY**
* both **qualitative** and **quantitative analysis** and **purification** of **low to moderate molecular weight**, **thermolabile molecules**
* it can also be used for the **separation** of **chiral compounds**
Supercriticial fluid chromatog
52
# **CHROMATOGRAPHY**
* uses **Craig apparatus**
* consists of a **series of glass tubes** that are designed and arranged such that the **lighter** liquid phase is **transferred** from **one tube to the next**
* liquid-liquid extractions are taking place **simultaneously** in all tubes which are driven **electromechanically**
COUNTER-CURRENT EXTRACTION
53
apparatus used in **counter-current extraction**
Craig apparatus
54
perfromed on a **sheet of glass**, **plastic**, or **aluminum foil**, which is **coated** with a **thin layer of adsorbent** material, usually **silica gel**, **aluminum oxide**, or **cellulose** (blotter paper)
thin layer chromatog
55
* common type of chromatog used in **analytic chemistry** for separating and analyzing compounds that can be **vaporized without decomposition**
* stationary phase: liquid
gas-liquid chromatography
56
* **capillary bore columns** are used rather than the standard columns
* **speed of analysis** is **much greater** compared to GC
cAPILLARY-COLUMN GAS CHROMATOG
57
* **lacks** an **attractive interaction** between the **staionary** phase and **solute**
* the **liquid** or **gaseous** phase passes through a **porous gel** which **separates** the **molecules** according to its **molecular size**
gel filtration chromatog
gel permeation chromatog
58
* is a **chemical separation technique** used to resolve and separate mostly **large biomolecules** such as **proteins**
* it is a combination of **size exclusion chromatog** andd **gel electrophoresis**
* molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism
electrochromatography
59
the **most selective type** of chromatography
affinity chromatography
60
the **penultimate stage** in **biogenetic study** is the ____ involved in the pathways under consideration and the in vitro demonstration of their properties
isolation of enzymes
61
* a process of **fusing plant material** from **two different plants**
* important in **determining** the **site** of **primary** and **secondary metabolite production**
graft
62
# **MUTANT STRAINS**
utilizes "**brewer's soluble**" → mevalonic acid
*Lactobacillus acidophilus*
63
# **MUTANT STRAINS**
induced mutant of **ergot auxotrophic**
UV
