Biology Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Microscope
A
We use a microscope to see things too small for our eyes to see
2
Q
How to set up a microscope
A
Lower it down as far as it goes, start with lowest magnification, turn coarse wheel until visible, turn fine wheel until clear, look through lens.
3
Q
What happens when we look through a microscope
A
The subject becomes clearer/bigger
4
Q
Parts of a microscope
A
Eyepiece lens, coarse focus, fine focus, objective lens, light, stage
5
Q
Organism
A
A living thing
6
Q
Unicellular organism
A
A living thing made of only one cell
7
Q
Multicellular organism
A
Made of more than one cell such as Humans
8
Q
Subcellular structure
A
A part of a cell that is smaller than a cell
9
Q
4 Cellular structures found in all cells
A
Ribosomes, some form of genetic material, cell membrane and cytoplasm
10
Q
5 basic sub-cellular structures that are found in most animal cells
A
Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria
11
Q
8 basic sub-cellular structures that are found in most plant cells
A
Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
12
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Where chemical reactions take place
13
Q
Nucleus function
A
To control the activities that happen in the cell and it contains DNA
14
Q
Cell membrane function
A
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
15
Q
Mitochondria
A
Allows respiration to take place
16
Q
Ribosomes
A
Allow proteins to be made
17
Q
Cell wall function
A
Supports the cell
18
Q
Vacuole function
A
Keeps the cell rigid
19
Q
Chloroplast
A
Allows photosynthesis to take place
20
Q
Magnification
A
The word used to describe how much bigger microscopes make things look
21
Q
Actual size
A
The size an object really is
22
Q
Image size
A
The size of an object looks through a microscope
23
Q
Image size formula
A
Actual size x magnification
24
Q
Magnification vs focus
A
Magnification makes an object look bigger whilst focus makes an object look clearer
25
6 commonly found sub-cellular structures found in unicellular organisms
Cell membrane, cell wall, genetic material, ribosomes, slime capsule, flagellum
26
Flagellum function
Allows the unicellular organism to move
27
6 common sub-cellular structures found in yeast
Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole
28
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
29
What affects diffusion in cells
Temperature and cell surface area
30
How does temperature affect diffusion
A higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion whilst a lower temperature decreases it. This is because at a higher temperature particles have a higher amount of kinetic energy
31
How does cell surface area affect diffusion
A higher surface area would allow diffusion to occur faster because there is more area for it to get diffused from.
32
Specialised animal cells examples
Red blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell, sperm cell, ciliated cell, white blood cell
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Red blood cell function
To carry oxygen around the body
34
Adaptations of red blood cells
Biconcave shape and no nucleus
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Why a biconcave shape for a red blood cell
Increases surface area and makes it easier to move around the body. That is why when someone has sickle cell anemia it can cause their red blood cells to get stuck, they are sickle shape not biconcave.
36
Muscle cell functions
To contract and move things such as bone and food
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Adaptations of Muscle cell
It has a lot of mitochondria to allow it to have more energy to contract
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Specialised plant cells examples
Root hair cells and palisade cells
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Root hair cell function
To absorb water and nutrients from the ground
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Adaptations of Root hair cells
No chloroplasts and large extensions
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Palisade cells function
To conduct photosynthesis
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Adaptations of Palisade cells
Lots of chloroplasts
43
4 functions of the skeleton
Support the body, movement, protection of vital organs and storage of red blood cells
44
Joint(skeleton)
Where 2 bones meet
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Ligament
Tissue that connects bone to bone
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What is the function of cartilage
To stop bones from rubbing together
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What is the function of synovial fluid
To remove friction from where bones move within a joint
48
What are the 3 main types of muscle
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle
49
Where do you find smooth muscle
In the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines
50
Where do you find cardiac muscles
In the heart
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Where do you find skeletal muscle
Covers the skeleton
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Tendon
Tissue that connects muscle to bone
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Antagonistic muscle
Muscle pairs that oppose each other e.g the tricep and bicep
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What do muscles do to bones when they contract
They exert a force on the bone
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Nerve cell function
To transmit electrical signals around the body
56
Adaptations of nerve cells
Long cell bodies(axon) and lots of connections to other nerve cells (dendrites)
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Tissue
A group of similar cells working together
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Organ
A group of different tissues working together
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Organ system
A group of different organs working together
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Examples of organ systems
Digestive system, respiration system, nervous system, reproductive system, circulatory system
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What makes up nervous tissue
Nerve cells that are a type of specialised cells
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7 major components of a healthy human diet
Carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water
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Carbohydrates function
To provide energy
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Fats and oils
To store energy and insulate the body
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Proteins function
For growth and repair of cells and tissues
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Vitamin functions
Important for body processes and general health.
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Mineral functions
Needed to make blood bones etc
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Fibre function
Bulks up the food to allow easier pass through the digestive system
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Water function
For chemical reactions and transporting substances
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2 Major factors that affect our energy required
Age and amount of exercise done
71
Deficiency disease
A disease caused by a deficiency in something
72
Underweight
Someone who has a low body weight
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Underweight causes
Getting less energy in the diet than is used by the body
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Underweight symptoms
Tiredness, headaches, dry skin and teeth problems.
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Obesity
Someone who has a lot of body fat
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Obesity causes
Getting more energy in the diet than is used by the body
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Obesity symptoms
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer
78
Anaemia
When someone does not make enough red blood cells
79
Anaemia cause
A lack of iron
80
Anaemia symptoms
Lack of energy, tiredness and shortness of breath
81
Mouth
Breaks food down into smaller pieces
82
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
83
Saliva function
Contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates and softens food
84
Stomach function
Churns food, contains stomach acid that breaks down food further
85
Pancreas function
Produces digestive enzymes
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Stomach acid function
To kill bacteria in food
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Small intestine functions
To digest and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
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Villi and microvilli function
Increases the surface area to increase absorption
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Where is bile produced?
In the liver
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Large intestine function
Absorbs water from digested food back into the bloodstream
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Gut bacteria function
To digest some carbohydrates, reduce the chance of harmful bacteria causing disease and produce vitamins B and K
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How do good gut bacteria protect from the harmful bacteria
They compete with them
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Why are some bacteria considered harmful
They produce toxins
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Respiratory system
An organ system that allows air to pass in and out of the body
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Ventilation
the movement of gases into and out of the lungs
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What happens to the intercostal muscles and rib cage when we breathe in and out
The intercostal muscles contract and rib cages expands whilst the intercostal muscles drops and the rib cage drops inwards when breathing out
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What happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in and out
The diaphragm contracts and flattens when breathing in and relaxes and moves up when breathing out
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What happens to lung pressure when breathing in or out
It decreases whilst breathing in and increases whilst breathing out
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Goblet cells in tracheas function
To release mucus into the trachea
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Mucus function inside of the trachea
To trap dust and bacteria
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Ciliated epithelium cells function
To sweep mucus up and out of the trachea
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Where does gas exchange take place
In the alveoli
103
What diffuses into the bloodstream in gas exchange?
Oxygen
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What diffuses out into the lungs in gas exchange?
Carbon dioxide
105
Adaptations of alveoli
Good blood supply, the membrane is one cell thick, large surface area and moist surface
106
How does exercise affect breathing rate
It increases
107
Asthma
A disease where the lining of the areas from the mouth to the lungs become irritated and swell up
108
Asthma symptoms
Coughing, weezing, tightness of breath, shortness of breath
109
Asthma attack symptoms
The airways of the lung become narrower, more inflamed and congested with mucus
110
What can trigger asthma attacks
Pollen, pathogens, animal hair and cigarette smoke
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Damage to cilia cells
Smoking damages cilia cells causing mucus to build up and cause smokers cough
112
Smoking effect to the bronchi
Irritates them leading to lung disease
113
Smoking effect on alveoli
Reduces surface area
114
The tar from cigarettes’s affect
Can cause mouth, throat or lung cancer
115
What are gametes(sex cells) in humans?
Male gametes are sperm cells; female gametes are egg cells (ovum)
116
Which organs produce gametes in humans?
Testes produce sperm; ovaries produce eggs.
117
Where is urine stored
The bladder
118
What is the function of the sperm cell?
To swim to the ovum and fertilise it
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Where does fertilisation occur in humans?
In the oviduct
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What is fertilization?
The fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote.
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What is a zygote?
A single cell formed by the fusion of gametes, which will develop into an embryo.
122
Why do sperm cells have tails
To help them swim
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Why do sperm cells have a lot of mitochondria
To release energy whilst swimming
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What is the function of the ovum?
To be fertilised and produce nutrients for the embryo to grow
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Adaptations of the ovum
It is very big and has a changeable cell membrane
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Why does the ovum have the adaptations it does
It is big to to contain a lot of nutrients and it has a changeable cell membrane to only allow 1 sperm in.
127
Where does the embryo embed itself
Onto the uterus lining
128
Uterus function
To allow the embryo or fetus to grow
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Uterus lining functions
To cushion and nourish the fetus
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For how long is an unborn baby an embryo
8 weeks
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For which points is an unborn baby a fetus
8 weeks till birth
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What does the umbilical cord connect
The placenta and the fetus
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What does the placenta connect
The umbilical cord and the mother
134
What are the functions of the umbilical cord and placenta
To pass oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and to pass waste from the fetus to the mother
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What is the name of the time the baby is growing in the uterus
Gestation
136
How many days are there in the menstrual cycle?
About 28 days
137
Phases of the menstrual cycle
For about the first 5 days menstruation happens where the uterus lining begins to break down. Until around day 12 it will begin to grow and thicken again. Around day 13/14 (say 14 in a test) ovulation occurs where an ovum is released. Then the uterus lining will continue to thicken until it dies if not fertilised.
138
What are the plant sex cells?
Pollen for males and Ova for females.
139
Where are the sex cells produced?
The pollen is produced in the anthers and the Ova in the ovules.
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Where is the pollen received?
The stigma. The process of the pollen landing on the stigma is also called pollination.
141
What is produced by a plant when an ovum is fertilised?
A seed or fruit
142
What are the 2 major types of pollination
Insect pollination and wind pollination
143
What 5 ways can seeds be dispersed?
By wind, eaten by animals, stuck to the outside of an animal, by water and explosion.
144
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants create their own food
145
Chlorophyll
The pigment that absorbs the sunlight that can be found inside a leaf
146
Photosynthesis formula
Carbon dioxide+Water becomes with arrow using sunlight oxygen+glucose. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
147
Uses of glucose
Respiration,making cell walls and converting to starch for storage
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What substance is used to test for starch
Iodine
149
Adaptations of the leaf
Large surface area, thin and contains chlorophyll
150
Why are the adaptations helpful
Large surface area-to absorb more sunlight, thin-to give a short diffusion pathway, chlorophyll- to do photosynthesis
151
The 5 layers of the leaf
Waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll layer, spongy mesophyll layer and lower epidermis.
152
Stomata
The small gaps on the bottom of the leaf found in the lower epidermis
153
Stomata function
To allow oxygen to leave the leaf and carbon dioxide to enter the leaf
154
Guard cells
Curved cells found at the bottom of the leaf
155
Guard cell function
To open and close the stomata
156
Waxy cuticle function
To stop water loss from the leaves
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What is the function of the air spaces in the leaves
To allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf
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Why do cells respire
To get energy
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Aerobic respiration formula
Glucose+oxygen becomes carbon dioxide+water with a little energy produced
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Why is energy not in the products or reactants?
Because it isn’t a chemical substance and is not quantifiable
161
What Sub-cellular structure respires
Mitochondria
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Anaerobic respiration vs aerobic respiration
Anaerobic is faster and doesn’t require oxygen whilst aerobic can be more sustained as anaerobic respiration produces toxins and it releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.
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Anaerobic respiration
A type of respiration that does not require oxygen that produces lactic acid which is a toxin
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What does anaerobic respiration produce in yeast
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
165
Anaerobic respiration formula
Glucose to lactic acid and produces a little energy.
166
Feeding relationship
Which organisms eat each other
167
Why do organisms eat each other?
To get nutrients and energy
168
Producers vs consumers
Producers make energy from the sun whilst consumers eat producers such as plants
169
What do arrows show in a food chain
The flow of energy
170
Bioaccumulation
How toxic materials build up in a food chain
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Interdependence
How organisms depend on each other to survive
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Food web
An interconnected food chain
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Predator
Animals that eat other animals
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Prey
Animals that get eaten by other animals
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Herbivore
An organism that doesn’t eat animals
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Carnivore
An organism that only does eat other animals
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Omnivore
An organism that eats both plants and animals
178
Population
The number of organisms in a given area
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Adaptation
A way an organism changes is suited to its environment
180
Insect pollination
An insect carries pollen from one flower to another. This fertilises them and goes there as they are attracted by the petals
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Hereditary
The process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is genetic code and are found in the nucleus
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Chromosome
A long chain of coiled DNA
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Gene
A section of DNA coding for a protein
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Who discovered DNA
Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkens and Rosalind Franklin
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Variation
Differences between organisms
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Genetic variation
Variation caused by DNA such as eye colour and natural hair colour
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Environmental variation
Differences due to environment such as scars and tattoos
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Why are we different from our parents
Each human being has 46 pairs of chromosomes with other animals having different amounts of chromosomes. We get 23 per parent gamete making us technically half and half genetically our parents so we will not be identical but a mix
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What do animals compete for?
Food mates territory
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What do plants compete for?
Light space minerals water
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Darwin’s theory
Natural selection, the toughest survive and breed whilst the weakest die without getting to be able to breed
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Species
Organisms that have similar characteristics and reproduce to produce fertile offspring
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Vertebrate vs invertebrates
Vertebrates have a backbone while invertebrates do not
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Vertebrate classes
Mammal amphibians birds fish reptiles
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Biodiversity
The range of species in an area
