History Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Who arrived after the Romans left?
A
The saxons
2
Q
Where did the Saxons settle?
A
Soon after the Romans left, the Saxons arrived. They settled in areas such as Sussex (SouthSaxons), Essex (East Saxons) or Wessex (West Saxons) and took over land from the Britons.
3
Q
Who invaded at the same time as the Saxons?
A
The Angles and Jutes
4
Q
Where did the Angles and Jutes settle?
A
The Angles and Jutes settled on the East coast of England. The area of England under the Angles and Jutes came to be ruled as an area that was subject to Danelaw.
5
Q
How many kingdoms were there by the late 8th century in England?
A
7
6
Q
Where were the Anglo-saxons and the Danelaw in the late 8th century?
A
Anglo-Saxons were in the south and west, whilst Danelaw was present in the north and east.
7
Q
792 AD
A
Vikings invaded the north of England and created a capital at York (Jorvik).
8
Q
Between what period did King Alfred attempt to reunite England and what was it called?
A
Between 871 and 938. He called it Athelstan
9
Q
What was the 10th century population in England?
A
About 1 million.
10
Q
Childhood fact for 10th century.
A
Many died in childbirth, or as young children, but people who reached the age of 12 might live a long time, some reached 60!
11
Q
During the Dark ages, skilled people can be seen at the burial site of…
A
Sutton Hoo burial, King Alfredʼs Jewel and the writings of the Venerable Bede.
12
Q
Summary of term 1
A
Rome ruled Britain (England and Wales) from 43AD until 410AD, when the Roman empire started to collapse. Thereafter, England reverted to local rulers. With Roman roads and buildings falling into disrepair, the period from 410 to 1066 is often called the Dark Ages, suggesting little in the way of culture or rule. However
England had natural resources that attracted peoples from northern Europe who invaded and settled in it.
13
Q
A.D.
A
Anno Domini (the year of our Lord). Applies to dates from year 1 onwards.
(Sometimes called CE: Common Era.)
14
Q
B.C.
A
Before Christ: Applies to years before the birth of Christ. It counts down, (500 BC came before 65 BC.) (Sometimes called BCE: Before the Common Era.)
15
Q
Anachronism
A
Something or someone that is out of the correct historical context.
16
Q
Angles
A
People from southern Denmark
17
Q
Century
A
A period of 100 years (from Latin, similar to French (‘cent’ = 100))
18
Q
Chronology
A
the order in which dates come (chronological order)
19
Q
Circa
A
about (often abbreviated to ‘c.’) (c50 years = about 50 years)
20
Q
Earl
A
A person of the nobility, given his title by the king.
21
Q
Government
A
A body of people who make laws for a country or area
22
Q
Hierarchy
A
a list of people or things, in order of importance.
23
Q
Invade
A
to enter another country with an army.
24
Q
Nobility
A
people who have titles and are generally appointed by the king.
25
Saxons
People from Germany
26
1066
William of Normandyʼs victory at the Battle of Hastings
27
Which part of England rebelled against William the Conqueror?
North England
28
What did William do to punish the rebels?
To punish the rebels and stop further rebellions, he destroyed villages and farms around the town of York, burning crops and killing livestock. This is called the harrying of the North.
29
What did William the Conqueror build to secure his territory?
Motte and Bailey castles
30
Motte and Bailey castles
Castles that were built on a mound of earth and made of wood. They were used as a way of showing Norman control of a territory. One advantage is that they could be built quickly, while a disadvantage is that they were vulnerable to fire.
31
Domesday Book
William the Conqueror would do a survey of how much land and money they had therefore figuring out how much tax to pay. This was an early census and the recordings be placed in this book
32
Feudal system
The King was at the top of this hierarchical
system of social organisation. Under him were the barons, they were given land if they swore they were loyal to William. Barons supplied the King with knights to fight in battles and in turn gave some of their land to the knights, in exchange the knights protected the baron and his family. At the bottom of the feudal system were the
peasants, they farmed the land but did not own it.
33
What was the language of the ruling class before and after William's rule?
English into french
34
William the Conqueror
William I. He was the first Norman king of England, ruling England from 1066 -1087.
35
Conquest
taking control of a place or people by military force
36
Rebellion
a violent protest, often with the aim of removing and replacing a leader
37
Baron
a Norman landowner
38
Tax
a sum of money paid to the government or king
39
Census
an official count or survey, usually of a population
40
Motte
the hill of dirt on which the castle keep was built
41
Bailey
an open area below the castle, surrounded by a wooden fence
42
Palisade
the wooden fence surrounding the bailey
43
Moat
a ditch filled with water surrounding the castle
44
Keep
the fortified wooden tower on the motte where the nobles lived
45
Villein
a peasant who worked for the lord in return for land
46
Serf
an agricultural labourer bound to his lord by the feudal system
47
Freemen
men who were free from most of their feudal duties to a lord
48
Hierarchy
where members of society are ranked according to their status
49
People's beliefs about heaven and hell in the middle ages
People thought that heaven and hell were real places, like France or Denmark. They
believed that they would go to heaven if they were good, but to hell if they were bad. Even good people had to pass through purgatory on their way to heaven, this was a place where your sins were weighed and punishments were handed out.
50
What was likely to be the biggest building in a town in the middle ages?
The church as it was a place of worship
as well as a meeting place for the villagers. A church would have been a lively place full of people, laughter, conversation and activity.
51
Who lead most churches?
The priest
52
Middle age priests
He could read and speak Latin as this was the language in which the Bible was written and in which church services were held. He was a very important person in the village and played a part in everyoneʼs life from their birth to their death.
53
What were churches decorated with?
stained glass windows and doom paintings which showed angels welcoming good people into heaven and devils boiling sinners in pots of oil.
54
What did monks/nuns provide to the community?
education, health care, alms and accommodation for travellers.
55
example of the power struggle
the church and the state was the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, during the reign of Henry II.
56
priest
a man specifically trained to undertake religious duties
57
monk / nun
a member of a religious community of men / women
58
alms
food, clothing or money given to the poorest people by the church
59
purgatory
the place between heaven and hell where you are punished for any sins you
committed while alive
60
pilgrim
a person who travels to a holy place for religious reasons
61
pilgrimage
a journey of religious importance
62
indulgence
a ʻpassʼ purchased from a bishop to help you go through purgatory quickly
63
excommunicated
when someone has been officially excluded from the church
64
interdict
if the King disobeyed the Pope the pope could put his kingdom under an interdict, meaning all church services were suspended
65
heresy
a crime where you were charged with disagreeing with the church
66
tithe
a tenth of the food peasants grew that had to be given to the church
67
The Black Death of 1348
a time when two different kinds of plague - bubonic and pneumonic - struck simultaneously.
68
How many people died to the black death of 1348
About 75 million worldwide and about a third of England's population
69
The bubonic plague
caused by a germ that lived in the blood of black rats and in the fleas on their bodies. The disease was spread when a flea jumped off a rat onto a human and bit them, injecting a small amount of infected blood. Victims would get a fever, large boils
called buboes in their armpits, groin and behind their ears, and a rash of red and black spots. The illness lasted about a week and killed seven out of ten people.
70
The pneumonic plague
caused by the same germ but the way you caught the disease was different. You became ill by breathing infected air and the disease attacked the lungs, causing them to rot inside the body. Victims had bad breath, they coughed up blood and spread germs as they sneezed. A sufferer died within a week.
71
The Peasantsʼ Revolt of 1381
It occurred when a large group of approximately 60,000 peasants
marched from South East England to London to protest against high taxes and low wages. The angry mob ran riot in London, burning the houses of the rich, storming Newgate and Westminster prisons, and ultimately killing the Archbishop of Canterbury and the treasurer.
72
How did Wat Tyler die?
The King agreed to meet with the peasants. At this meeting there was a scuffle and the
peasant leader, Wat Tyler, was killed.
73
How did the King calm them down?
The King calmed the peasants by agreeing to their demands - end serfdom, pardon the rebels and punish the kingʼs unpopular advisers - as long as they returned home. Although the peasants returned home, the King went back on his word, tracking down and killing the leaders of the rebellion and cancelling all of the concessions he had made to the rebels.
74
plague
a very infectious disease that spreads quickly & kills large numbers of people
75
contagion
the spreading of disease or illness from one person to another
76
pasteurella pestis
the germ that caused the Black Death.
77
boil
tender, red, painful lumps
78
flagellant
people who whip themselves or someone else for religious reasons
79
apothecary
a person who prepared and sold medicines
80
barber surgeon
a man who performed surgery and dentistry as well as cutting hair
81
blood letting
the practice of making someone bleed to help cure an illness
82
purging
making someone sick or go to the toilet in the belief that this will cure illness
83
four humours
a theory about the causes of illness
84
protest
an action to show that a person or group are unhappy about something
85
revolt
a violent protest,often with the aim of removing and replacing a leader
86
Statute of Labourers
a law which fixed peasants wages at pre-Black Death levels
87
poll tax
an unpopular tax collected to fund the Hundred Years War against France
88
When did the Great plague take place?
1665
89
How many deaths were recorded in London?
68,596 deaths were recorded in London alone however it is believed to be over 100,000
90
septicaemic plague.
Septicaemic plague was also spread by flea bites, causing a serious infection in the blood. This form of plague is the rarest and most serious strain of the disease.
91
What happened to the border between England and Scotland at the time?
It was closed along with trade between the 2 countries.
92
Beliefs about causes of the Great Plague.
people believed that there were several possible causes of the plague, such as:
miasmas
an imbalance in the
four humours
cats and dogs living on the streets
a punishment from God
93
What would they do to try and solve it?
Light fires, kill cats and dogs, locking people in houses, search dead people's bodies, banned public gatherings, smoke tobacco and put money in vinegar
94
Act of Supremacy
A law passed by Parliament which led to the creation of the Church of England
95
Altar
The table in the Christian Church where the priest performs the Holy Communion.
96
Annulment
Declaration (usually from the Pope) that a marriage is invalid.
97
Book of Common Prayer
A book of prayers used for Church of England services and written in English.
98
Break with Rome
England’s decision to leave the Roman Catholic Church in 1534.
99
Cardinal
A senior member of the Catholic Church hierarchy.
100
Catholic
One of the three major branches of Christianity, led from Rome by the Pope.
101
Celibate
Choosing to remain unmarried and abstain from sexual relations, usually for religious reasons.
102
Dissolution of the monasteries
The closure of religious houses by Henry VIII.
103
Excommunication
A form of censure where a person is excluded from the communion, rites and sacraments of the church.
104
Heretic
Someone with beliefs that question or contradict the established church.
105
Holy Roman Empire
A collection of central European states that developed during the medieval period. Led by Charles V.
106
Indulgence
A forgiveness of one’s sins purchased from the medieval (Catholic) Church.
107
Mass
The central act of worship in the Catholic Church when holy communion is taken.
108
Oath of Supremacy
An oath of allegiance to the monarch as Supreme head of the Church
109
Protestant
A form of Christianity which emerged during 1500’s in protest against Catholicism.
110
Reformation
A movement to reform the Christian church - beginning is associated with the 95 theses of Martin Luther.
111
Relic
An object of religious significance, often the physical or personal remains of a saint.
112
Sacraments
A religious ceremony or ritual. The Catholic church has 7 sacraments.
113
Stained Glass
Decorative coloured glass often found in the windows of churches and cathedrals
114
Supreme head of the Church
Title granted to Henry VIII following the Act of Supremacy
115
Transubstantiation
The change of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ during Communion.
116
Vestments
Garments worn by Christian clergymen, colourful and decorated for Catholics.
117
1509
Henry VIII becomes King of England.
118
1517
Martin Luther nails his 95 theses to the
church door in Wittenberg.
119
1521
Henry VIII writes ‘Defence of the Seven
Sacraments’ attacking Martin Luther.
120
1533
Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn
121
1534
The Act of Supremacy starts the
English Reformation.
122
1536
Dissolution of the monasteries begins
123
1536
(Octo) The Pilgrimage of Grace, a
rebellion against Henry VIII
124
1539
Parliament passes the Six Articles and
the Great Bible is published.
125
1543
The King’s Book is published and
access to the bible is restricted to the
nobility.
126
1547
Henry VIII died aged 57. Edward VI
who has been raised as a protestant is
crowned as monarch.
127
Civil War
A war between two groups in the same country.
128
Cavaliers
The insulting nickname given to the Royalists, who fought for the King
during the English Civil Wars; it literally meant “horsemen” but also
suggested arrogance.
129
Commonwealth
Period following the execution of Charles I 1649-1660. England & Scotland were ruled as a Republic.
130
Court of Star Chamber
A special, medieval, law court which sat in secret and needed no evidence or witnesses; Charles I used it to prosecute opponents.
131
Grand Remonstrance
Parliament presents Charles a list 201 complaints about his rule.
132
House of Commons
The lower, elected House of Parliament.
133
Impeachment
Removing someone from power.
134
Interregnum
The period where England had no monarch 1649-60; Latin for ‘between reigns’.
135
Laudian reforms
Changes made by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, introducing more ceremony, decorations etc; to Puritans it looked Popish (Catholic).
136
Levellers
Radical members of Cromwell’s army who wanted every man to have the vote, religious freedom and that elections be held every two years.
137
Lord Protector
The title given to the Head of State between 1653 and 1659 (Oliver Cromwell, then his son Richard in 1658).
138
MP
Member of Parliament, elected to the House of Commons.
139
New Model Army
Full-time, highly-disciplined, professional army set up by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell; Puritan in make-up; vital in defeating Charles.
140
Non-conformist
A protestant who did not comply with the established Church of England.
141
Parliamentarian
Supporter of Parliament during the English Civil Wars 1642-9.
142
Personal Rule
The period where Charles I ruled without Parliament 1629-40.
143
Prorogue
When someone in power discontinues a parliamentary session without formally dissolving it.
144
Protectorate
1653-59; Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector with a Parliament advising him.
145
Puritans
strict Puritans who thought the Church of England had not gone far enough in removing popish (Catholic) elements; they wanted a purified Church.
146
Regicide
The act of killing a monarch, or one who kills a monarch.
147
Republic
A country without a monarch.
148
Roundheads
the insulting nickname given to those who fought for Parliament had the nickname; many Puritans wore their hair very short / closely cropped.
149
Royal Prerogative
Customary rights & privileges which the Tudor monarchs claimed were due to them e.g. the power to declare war.
150
Ship money
Tax traditionally only be levied (charged) on coastal towns in times of war, to pay for the navy; Charles levied the tax during peacetime in coastal towns (1634) then across the country (1635) without Parliamentary consent.
151
Stuarts
The ruling family of England 1603-49 & 1660-1714.
152
Treason
Betraying your country / an attempt to overthrow or kill the monarch.
153
1610
James Stuart (VI) of Scotland also becomes King of England (James I) He fought with Parliament largely about money - he closed Parliament for 10 years
154
1625
*Like his father he believes in the Divine Right of Kings
*Charles marries Henrietta Maria.
155
1629-1640
The Personal Rule or 11 Years of
Tyranny
156
1633
Charles appoints William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury which annoys
many people.
157
1635
Charles orders everyone to pay Ship
Money
158
1637
Charles imposes the English Prayer
book on the Scottish
159
1639
The Scots invade England
160
1641
The Grand Remonstrance
161
1642
Charles tries to arrest the 5 MP’s
162
1642
King Charles leaves London for Oxford
and then raises his standard at Nottingham
163
Agriculture
The process of producing food and fibres by farming of certain plants or raising animals.
164
Back-to-back
A row of houses built very close together with no room for a garden.
165
Canal
A long, narrow, man made channel of water use for transport. Most canals in Britain were built between 1761 and 1830 during ‘canal mania’.
166
Cholera
An infectious bacterial disease caused by infected water leading to severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
167
Domestic system
A system where people worked in their homes or small workshops rather than factories
168
Entrepreneur
Business people who are prepared to take risks.
169
Factory system
A system where people worked in factories to mass produce goods for profits. This replaced the domestic system.
170
Faeces
Waste discharged from the bowels, excrement.
171
Life expectancy
An average on how long someone lives.
172
Locomotive
An engine used to pull passenger carriages or trucks.
173
Manufacture
To make goods in a factory.
174
Mechanisation
The act or process of using machines in order to replace human labour.
175
Mine
An excavation in the earth to remove raw materials.
176
Mortality rate
The number of deaths in a given area or period or from a particular cause.
177
Pauper apprentice
A very poor person.
178
Overseer
Like a manager, in charge of the workers on a day to day basis.
179
Privy
Toilet in a small shed outside of a house/building.
180
Public health
The health of a nation. Usually under government regulation and controls.
181
Raw material
any material, such as oil, cotton, or sugar, in its natural condition, before it has been processed for use.
182
Sanitation
The system that disposes with sewage which is human waste.
183
Steam Engine
An engine that uses steam to power it.
184
Terraced
Typically a house formed in a continuous row.
185
Typhoid
An infectious disease spread by contaminated water or food.
186
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease characterised by growths in the tissues of the lungs.
187
Urbanisation
The process where large numbers of people move to urban areas creating larger towns and cities.
188
Workhouse
Public institution where the poor were housed in exchange for tedious work.
189
1712
Newcomen builds his first functioning
steam engine to pump water out of
mines.
190
1761
Opening of Bridgewater Canal.
191
1769
Arkwright invents the water frame.
192
1775
Arkwright sets up the Cromford factory.
193
1781
Watt builds his more efficient steam
engine using a rotation method.
194
1829
The Rocket was the only locomotive to successfully complete the Rainhill trials, averaging 12 mph and achieving a top speed of 30 mph.
195
1831
Faraday discovers how to generate
electricity.
196
1860’s
Ada Lovelace’s plans result in Babbage's
‘calculating machine’.
197
1866
Telegraph wire laid beneath the Atlantic
Ocean.
198
1900
Life expectancy is now 50 years old.
