Biology (B1) Flashcards by Laaibah Majid

What is the main difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic have their DNA contained within a nucleus while for prokaryotes the DNA is free in the cytoplasm

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Give 2 examples of a eukaryotic cell

Animal and plant cells

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Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

Bacteria cell

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Eukaryotic cells have which sub-cellular structures?

Animal and plant cells- cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material in a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Plant cells only- cellulose cell walls, chloroplast

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Name the different parts of an animal cell

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane

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What is the function of cytoplasm?

Where chemical reactions take place

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place

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What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

Allows substances to enter and leave the cell

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Name the parts of a plant cell

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast

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What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Filled with cell sap

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What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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What is the function of a cell wall

Strengthens the cell

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Whats is the approximate size of a prokaryotic cell?

0.1 - 5.0 micrometers (μm)

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What is the approximate size of a eukaryotic cell?

10 - 100 micrometers (μm)

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What is bigger? A prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotic

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Define ‘cell differentiation’

A cell becoming specialised to perform a particular function

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Define ‘cell division’

The splitting of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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Name 3 specialised cells in animals

Muscle cell
Nerve cell
Sperm cell

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Name 3 specialised cells in plants

Root hair cell
Phloem
Xylem

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State one adaptation of a muscle cell

Lots of mitochondria for releasing energy for contraction

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State the function of a sperm cell

Fertilise the female egg cell

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State 3 adaptations of a sperm cell

Flagellum for movement
Lots of mitochondria to release energy for movement
Enzymes in its head (acrosome) to penetrate egg

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State the function of a nerve cell

Carry information as electrical impulses from one part of the body to another (transfer electrical impulses)

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State 3 adaptations of a never cell

Dendrites to connect to other neurones Long axon to cover large distance Myelin sheath to speed up impulse

State the function of a root hair cell

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

State 2 adaptations of a root hair cell

Large surface area Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport of mineral ions

State the function of a xylem cell

Carry water from roots to leaves

State 3 adaptations of a xylem cell

Lignin to strengthen walls No end walls (hollow tubes) Made from thick dead tissue

State the function of a phloem cell

Transport sucrose within a plant

State three adaptations of a phloem cell

Made from living tissue End walls have sieve cells to allow sucrose through Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

State the magnification equation

Image size= Actual size x Magnification

Which microscope has the highest magnification?

Electron microscope

Which microscope has the lowest resolution?

Light microscope

Which microscope produces 3D images?

Scanning electron microscope

Define 'cell'

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

Define'tissue'

A group of cells with a similar structure that work together to carry out a particular and function

Define 'organ'

A group of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions

Define 'organ system'

A group of different organs working together to fulfill a function

Define 'organism'

Organ systems working together to form an organism

What is meant by ''centi''?

1/100th (1 hundreth of a meter)

What is meant by ''milli''?

1/1000th (1 thousandth of a meter)

What is meant by ''nano''?

1 billionth of a meter

How do you convert from millimetres to nanometres?

x 1000

What is diffusion?

The overall movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

Give 2 examples of diffusion in humans

CO2 and O2 in gas exchange Urea from cells to blood

Give 4 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

Concentration gradient Temperature Surface area of membrane Distance

How are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

Large surface area : volume ratio

How is the lungs adapted for exchanging materials?

Alveoli large surface are:volume ratio Surface is moist Good blood supply

How is the small intestine adapted for exchanging material?

Villi for large surface area Villi one cell thick Good blood supply

How is the gills adapted for exchanging materials?

Large surface area Moist Good blood flow to main concentration gradient

How is the roots adapted for exchanging materials?

Large surface area : volume ratio Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

Give 4 ways to increase the rate of transport

Large surface area Thin membrane Efficient blood supply (in animals) Well ventilated (in animals)

What is osmosis?

The movement of water particles from a high to a low water potential across a partially permeable membrane

What is active transport?

The movement of particles from a low to a high concentration against the concentration gradient

What does active transport require?

Energy from respiration

Put in order of size: genes, chromosomes, cell, nucleus, DNA

DNA gene chromosomes nucleus cell

Name 3 stages of the cell cycle

Interphase Mitosis Cytokineses

Describe 3 things that happen during Interphase

The cell grows Chromosomes are replicated More mitochondria and ribosomes are made (organelles increase)

Describe what happens during mitosis

Chromosomes line up in the middle Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Describe what happens during cytokineses

Cell membrane and cytoplasm split into two

State why the cell cycle is important

More cells are made for growth and repair

State what is produced in the cell cycle

Two genetically identical daughter cells

Which type of cells does mitosis produce?

Diploid cells

Define 'stem cell'

An undifferentiated cell A cell that can differentiate into a specialised cells

Name 2 places where stem cells can be found in humans

Embryos (Embryonic stem cell) Adult bone marrow

Name where stem cells are found in plants

Meristems

State 2 conditions the stem cells can be used to treat in humans

Paralysis Type 1 diabetes

State 2 uses of stem cells in plants

Clone rare species Produce disease resistant crops

Describe what is meant by ''therapeutic'' cloning

Using clones of a patients own stem cells to treat them

Which cells are required for therapeutic cloning?

Egg cell and normal body cell from patient

State 2 objections to using stem cells in treatment

Potential transfer viral infection Ethical/religious obligation

What are the risks of stem cell transplant?

Immune rejection Relies on donors (shortage) Cause cancer Viral infection transfer Immunosupresant drugs

What is a clone?

A genetically identical organism which has been produced asexually

Define 'asexual'

Reproduction involving only one parent

Which chemical is used to stain animal cells?

Methylyne blue

Which chemical is used to stain plant cells?

Iodine

Define 'resolution'

How clear the image is and the ability to distinguish between two points which are close together on an object.

What can adult bone marrow stem cells differentiate into?

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Embryonic stem cell can differentiate into anything so they are?

Totipotent

How does high temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

Particles diffuse quicker because they have more kinetic energy

How does a large surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

Higher rate of diffusion

Step 1 of "adult cell cloning"

Remove nucleus from unfertilised egg

Step 2 of "adult cell cloning"

Insert nucleus of adult body cell into empty egg

Step 3 of "adult cell cloning"

Give egg cell electric shock (to make it divide into embryo)

Step 4 of "adult cell cloning"

place embryo into a womb

Biology (B1) Flashcards

(86 cards)