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Biology (B3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 types of pathogen

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protist

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2
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measels
TMV
HIV

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3
Q

Name 2 bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhea

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4
Q

Name 2 fungal diseases

A

Athletes foot
Rose black spot

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5
Q

Name 1 protist disease

A

Malaria

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6
Q

State 2 symptoms of measels

A

Fever
Red skin rash

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7
Q

State 2 symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms
AIDS

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8
Q

State 1 symptom of TMV

A

Discoloration of leaves

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9
Q

State 4 symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever
Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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10
Q

State 2 symptoms of gonorrhea

A

Thick yellow/green discharge
Pain whilst urinating

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11
Q

State 2 symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple/black spots on leaves
Leaves turn yellow and drop off

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12
Q

How is measles spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Air
Prevented:Vaccination

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13
Q

How is gonnorrhoea spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Sex
Prevent: Barrier protection e.g.condom

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14
Q

How is rose black spot spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Direct contact
Prevented: Fungicide and destroy affected leaves

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15
Q

How is salmonella spread and prevented?

A

Spread: Food
Prevented: Cooking thoroughly and washing hands

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16
Q

State 3 ways that pathogens can be spread

A

Direct contact
Air
Water

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17
Q

How do bacteria make us feel unwell?

A

Produce toxins that damage tissues

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18
Q

How do viruses make us feel unwell?

A

Live and reproduce in cells causing cell damage

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19
Q

Name 4 of the body’s non specific defence systems

A

Skin
Nose
Trachea
Stomach

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20
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from making us feel unwell?

A

Anti microbrial secretions
Physical barrier to prevent them from entering the body

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21
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Mucus and nose hairs trap dirt and pathogen
Cilliated cells waft them out

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22
Q

How does the trachea prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Mucus to trap dirt and pathogens
Cilliated cells waft them out

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23
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from making us unwell?

A

Stomach/hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens

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24
Q

State 3 ways that white blood cells can help defend us against pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis
Antibody production
Antitoxin production

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25
What do Phagocytes do?
Phagocytosis
26
What do lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies and antitoxins
27
What causes a tumour to form?
Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division
28
Define 'Benign tumour'
Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area of a membrane
29
Define 'Malignant tumour'
Growth of abnormal cells that SPREAD to other parts of the body in the blood and INVADE other tissues
30
State 3 ways that drugs cam be produced
Extracted from plants microorganisms synthesised
31
Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?
Foxgloves
32
Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from?
Willow trees
33
Where does the antibiotic penicillin originate from?
Penicillium mold
34
State 3 things that drugs are tested and trialled for better use
Toxicity (safe) Efficacy (does it work) Dose (quantity)
35
What is used to test drugs during pre clinical testing?
Cells Tissues Live animals
36
Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers (low doses -test for toxicity)
37
Who are medicines tested on in stage 2 of clinical trials?
Patient volunteers (low doses- test for efficacy and doses)
38
What is a double-blind trial?
Neither experimenter or patient knows if they are taking medicine or placebo
39
What is a placebo?
A substance that contains no medicine (a control)
40
What is a vaccination?
An injection given to patients to prevent them from catching an infectious disease
41
Describe step 1 of vaccinations
Small quantity of dead/inactive pathogen
42
Describe step 2 of vaccinations
White blood cells produce correct antibody (slowly)
43
Describe step 3 of vaccinations
Pathogen enters body and white blood cells produce correct antibody (quickly)
44
State 2 benefits of vaccination
Prevent illness in an individual and prevent spread to others
45
State 7 ways of detecting plant diseases
Stunted growth Spots on leaves Areas of decay Growths Malformed Leaves/stems Discolouration Pests
46
State 3 ways of identifying a plant disease
Gardening manual/website Testing in lab Testing using monoclonal antibodies
47
Name 1 viral disease that affect plants
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
48
Name 1 fungal disease that affects plants
Rose black spot
49
Name one insect that affects plants
Aphids
50
State the effect of nitrate deficiencies in plants
Stunted growth (Nitrate ions required for protein synthesis)
51
State the effect of magnesium deficiencies in plants
Chlorosis (discolouration) (Magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll)
52
Name 3 physical defences in plants
Cellulose cell walls Tough waxy cuticle Layers of dead cells on stems e.g.bark
53
Name 2 chemical defences in plants
Antibacterial chemicals Poisons
54
Name 3 mechanical adaptions of plants
Thorns/hairs Drooping/curling leaves Mimicry
55
What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill pests?
Pesticides
56
What is the name given to the chemical that is sprayed on plants to kill weeds?
Herbicides
57
What is the name given to chemicals that are sprayed on plants to encourage growth?
Fertilisers
58
What does NPK stand for in fertilisers?
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
59
What does it mean if a plant is organic?
The plant has been grown without the use of artificial chemicals
60
What is Binary fission?
When bacteria cells multiply
61
How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a culture?
2 to the power of the number of divisions
62
What equipment is required to grow a culture of bacteria?
Agar gel, Petri dish Inoculating loop Bacteria sample Disinfectant
63
Why is the inoculating loop passed through a flame?
To sterilise it (kill any other bacteria)
64
What is used to dispose of the agar plate?
Place into an autoclave
65
How do we calculate the size of the zone of inhibition?
Area= πr2
66
How can you decide by looking at the zone of inhibition which is the best antibiotic/antiseptic?
It has the biggest clear zone/biggest are free from bacteria
67
How frequently do bacteria multiply?
Every 20 minutes
68
What is needed for bacteria to be able to multiply?
Enough nutrients and suitable temperatures
69
Why mus the petri dish be streilised before use?
To prevent contamination
70
Why is the lid of the petri dish sealed with tape?
To prevent contamination
71
Why are spaces left in the adhesive tape?
To allow oxygen in to the petri dish/ prevent anaerobic respiration
72
What temperature is the bacteria cultured at?
25 degrees
73
Why is the petri dish stored upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping onto culture
74
State the 2 cells required to produce monoclonal antibodies
Mouse lymphocytes Tumour cell
75
Name the cell that is produced from joining the two cells together in monoclonal antibody production
Hybridoma
76
State 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosis e.g. pregnancy test Testing in labs Tagging molecules with dye Disease treatment
77
How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment?
MAB bound to radioactive substance that finds and binds with cancer cells
78
Why are monoclonal antibodies given this name?
Formed from clones of a single hybridoma cell
78
Where is the lymphocyte that is used in monoclonal antibodies collected from ?
A mouse
79
Why is a lymphocyte used for making monoclonal antibodies?
It produces a specific antibody
80
Why is a tumour cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
It divides rapidly
80
State 2 disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies
Expensive Lots of side effects
80
State 2 advantages of using monoclonal antibodies
Treat a wide range of conditions Bind to specific cells so as not to damage surrounding cells
81
State 3 examples of side effects caused by monoclonal antibodies
Fever Muscle pains Nausea
82
How do eyes prevent pathogens from entering the body?
Tears have lysozymes (enzymes that help to break down pathogens)
83
How does the vagina/penis prevent pathogens from making us ill?
Slightly acidic pH to destroy pathogens
84
What is an antigen?
Protein on the surface of pathogens

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