Biology (B2) Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the name of the tissue where new cells are made in a plant?
A
Meristems
2
Q
What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to absorb water and nutrients from the soil?
A
Root hair cell
3
Q
What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to open and close the stomata of a plant?
A
Guard cell
4
Q
Which word describes a guard cell filled with water?
A
Turgid
5
Q
Which word describes a guard cell that has very little water?
A
Flaccid
6
Q
What is the name of the specialised cell that is adapted to absorb lots of light energy in the leaf?
A
Palisade cell
7
Q
What is the chemical in chloroplasts that allow plant cells to absorb lots of sunlight?
A
Chlorophyll
8
Q
What is the Phloem made up of?
A
Sieve cells and companion cells
9
Q
What is the name for the hole in a leaf that allows gases in and water out?
A
Stomata
10
Q
What is the name of the plant tissue that is made up of a hollow tube of dead cells?
A
Xylem
11
Q
Which tissue in a plant transports water?
A
Xylem
12
Q
Which tissue in a plant transports glucose?
A
Phloem
13
Q
In which plant organ is glucose made?
A
Leaf
14
Q
What is the name of the process that converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen?
A
Photosynthesis
15
Q
Which organ of a plant is designed to absorb water?
A
Roots
16
Q
Which organ of a plant is designed to transport substances from the roots to the leaves and vice versa?
A
Stem
17
Q
What is translocation?
A
Process where glucose is transported from the leaf of other parts of the plant
18
Q
What is transpiration?
A
The loss of water from from the leaf by evaporation through the stomata
19
Q
On which side of the leaf are there more stomata?
A
Underside/lower
20
Q
What is covering the top layer of the leaf to reduce the loss of water?
A
Waxy cuticle
21
Q
What organ in a plant does water enter through?
A
roots
22
Q
What happens to guard cells when its very sunny?
A
They become turgid
23
Q
What happens to stomata when it is night?
A
They close
24
Q
Describe the structure of xylem
A
Hollow tube strengthened with lignin
25
Describe the structure of phloem
Elongated cells with sieve plate and companion cells
26
How do you calculate surface area of a cuboid?
Sum of all the 2D faces
27
State 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Temperature
Wind intensity
Light intensity
Humidity (arid conditions)
28
Why does high wind intensity increase transpiration?
Increases concentration gradient
29
Why does high light intensity increase transpiration?
Causes stomata to open
30
Why does arid conditions increase the rate of transpiration?
Increases concentration gradient
31
Why does high temperature increase the rate of transpiration?
Water particles have more kinetic energy
32
Which enzyme breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins?
Lipase
Amylase
Protease
33
What is amylase produced by?
The salivary glands
34
What is the name of the leaf shaped organ that produces enzymes?
Pancreas
35
What is the name of the organ that produce bile?
Liver
36
What is the name of the organ that stores bile?
Gall bladder
37
Is bile acidic or alkaline?
Alkaline
38
What is added to the stomach to kill pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid
39
What is the name of the process that breaks down large globules of fat into smaller ones?
Emulsification
40
Write the word equation for the digestion of carbohydrates
Starch --> Glucose
41
Write the word equation for the digestion of proteins
Protein --> amino acids
42
Write the word equation for the digestion of fats
Lipids --> fatty acids + Glycerol
43
Which part of the digestive system are nutrients absorbed into the blood from?
Small intestine
44
Which part of the digestive system is water absorbed into the blood from?
Large intestine
45
What is the scientific name for the food pipe?
Oesophagus
46
What is the name of the process where food is pushed down the food pipe?
Peristalsis
47
What reagent is used to test for starch?
Iodine
48
What is the positive result for starch?
Blue/Black
49
What is the reagent used to test for glucose?
Benedict's solution
50
What is the positive result for glucose?
Green --> Orange --> Brick red
51
What is a positive result for lipids
A white emulsion forms
52
Name the food group that cannot be digested in the human body
Fibre
53
Name three enzymes
Amylase/Carbohydrase
Lipase
Protease
54
Why can enzymes only break down one substrate?
Enzymes have a specific shaped active site which will only fit one shaped substrate
55
What are enzymes?
A type of protein
56
Define 'enzyme'
Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction
57
What are enzymes made up of?
Amino acids
58
What 2 things can enzymes do?
Break down molecules
Join molecules together together
59
Enzyme-RP state the independent variable
pH or Buffer solution
60
Enzyme RP- state the dependent varaible
Time taken for starch to break down into simple sugars
61
Enzyme RP- How is the temperature controlled
Water bath
62
Enzyme RP- what piece of equipment is used to place the tests solution in?
Spotting tile
63
Which type of vessel leaves the heart?
Arteries
64
Which type of vessel enters the heart?
Veins
65
What is the name of the 4 chambers of the heart?
Top:Left/right atrium
Bottom:Left/right ventricle
66
Where is the bodies natural pacemaker?
Right atrium
67
What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the body?
Vena Cava
68
What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the lungs?
Pulmonary vein
69
What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the lungs from the heart?
Pulmonary artery
70
What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the rest of your body?
Aorta
71
Which side of the heart is thicker?
Left
72
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out of it?
Left
73
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
Right
74
What is a transplant?
Removing a heart from one person and placing it into another
75
Which drug reduces the amount of cholesterol in a persons body?
Statins
76
Which organ does a statin affect?
Liver
77
State 3 adaptations of red blood cells
No nucleus
Biconcave shape
Small
78
State 2 adaptations of white blood cells
Cytoplasm contains enzymes
Flexible cell membrane
79
Which type of blood vessel has thin walls but a large lumen?
Vein
80
Which type of blood vessel has thick walls but a small lumen?
Artery
81
Which type of blood vessel has valves?
Veins
82
Which type of blood vessel has a pulse?
Artery
83
Give one non-surgical intervention that can reduce the changes of heart disease/a heart attack
Excercise/diet
84
What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
85
What is the function of white blood cellls?
Destroy pathogens
86
What is the function of platelets?
Clot the blood (form scabs)
87
What is the function of plasma?
To carry the blood components, glucose, carbon dioxide and hormones
88
What is carried in the plasma of the blood?
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Urea
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Hormones
89
What is the name of the substance that can block arteries?
Cholesterol
90
What is coronary heart disease?
When the blood vessels in the muscle of the heart get blocked
91
What are the blood vessel that provide the heart with oxygen called?
Coronary arteries
92
What is a stent?
A wire mesh that widens arteries so blood can pass through
93
State the equations to calculate blood flow rate calculations
Cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume
94
Define 'health'
State of physical and mental well being
95
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can spread between people and is cause by a pathogen
96
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that cat cannot spread between people and isn't caused by pathogens
97
State 3 factors other than disease that can have an impact on health
Diet
Stress
Life situaution/events
98
State 1 consequence of long term physical ill health
Depression
99
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes diseases
100
Define 'risk factors'
Factors that are linked to an increased rate of developing a disease
101
State 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Diet
Smoking
Excercise
102
State 1 risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity
103
Name 2 organs affected by drinking alcohol
Brain
Liver
104
Name 2 potential impact of smoking
Lung disease
Lung cancer
105
State a risk factor for cancer
Contact with carcinogens
Ionising radiation
106
State 2 lifestyle factors that can impact an unborn baby's development
Smoking
drinking alcohol
107
Why is a sample of people used when investigating risk factors for diseases?
Impractical to sample whole population
Too time consuming
108
State 4 non-communicable diseases
Anaemia
Cancer
Depression
Diabetes
109
Define 'CHD/CVD'
Disease of the heart or blood vessels
110
What is the main cause of CVD?
Atherosclerosis (arteries blocked by fatty deposits)
111
State 4 lifestyle factors that can increase the chance of having CVD?
Smoking
Poor diet
High blood pressure
Little excercise
112
How does a stent helped to treat CVD?
More oxygen can reach the heart muscle for aerobic respiration
113
State 3 pros of a stent
Lowers risk of heart attack
Effective long-term treatment
Fast recovery time
114
State 2 cons of a stent
Risk of complication in surgery
Risk of blood clot near the stent
115
What are the 2 categories of risk factors?
Lifestyle factors
Substances in the body/environment
116
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division (mitosis)
117
Describe benign tumours
Non-cancerous tumours
Stay in one space and do not invade surrounding tissue as they're encapsulated in a membrane
118
Describe malignant tumours
Cancerous tumors
Can invade surrounding tissue, break off, travel in the blood and cause secondary tumours
119
Give 4 lifestyle factors that increase the chance of cancer
Smoking
Obesity
Viral infections
UV exposure
120
Why are there improved survival rates from cancer now than 50 years ago?
Better treatment
Earlier diagnosis
More screening
Better knowledge of risk factor
121
Why are people in developed countries more likely to suffer from non-communicable disease?
Richer therefor have access to higher fat/sugar/salt foods which increase BP and the rate of fatty deposit formation
122
Why are are people in more affluent areas of a country less likely to develop non-communicable diseases?
Less likely to smoke
More likely to exercise
Diet lower in fat/sugar/salt
123
Give 4 human costs of non-communicable diseases
Death
Lower quality of life
Shorter life
Impacts loved ones
124
Describe the upper epidermis
It is transparent so that light can pass through it to the palisade layer
125
Describe the palisade mesophyll layer
Made up of cells where photosynthesis takes place
126
Describe the spong mesophyll layer
Has air gaps to make it easier for gasses to diffuse in and out
127
Describe the function of the oespohagus
Muscle squeezes down food
128
Where in the body is amylase found?
Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas
129
Where in the body is protease found?
Stomach (pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine
130
Where in the body is lipase found?
Pancreas
Small intestine
131
What affects enzyme activity?
pH
Temperature
132
What is the function of valves?
Prevent backflow
133
