Biology Final Flashcards
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is... A. A somatic cell of a female B. A sperm C. An egg D. A zygote E. A somatic cell of a male
B. A sperm
What is true concerning cancer cells?
A. They do not exhibit density dependent inhibition when growing in a culture.
B. When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle.
C. They are not subject to cell cycle controls.
D. B and C only
E. A, B, and C
E. A, B, and C
Autosome
A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by proteins called... A. The nuclear envelope B. Spindle fibers C. Centrioles D. Cyclin
D. Cyclin
Downs Syndrome
3 #21 chromosomes
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
XXY, XXXY, etc
Jacob’s Syndrome
XYY
Trisomy
XXX
Turner’s Syndrome
Only X for the sex chromosome
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?
A. The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell
B. Each cell has 8 homologous pairs
C. The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell
D. During the S phase of the cell cycle, there will be 32 separate chromosomes
B. Each cell has 8 homologous pairs
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, the research team would first see the radioactive thymine
A. In the replicated strands of DNA
B. In the telophase
C. In the non-dividing state of interphase
D. In metaphase
A. In the replicated strands of DNA
Cell reproduction in prokaryotic cells differs from eukaryotic cells in that
Each prokaryotic cell has a circular chromosome but the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are linearly condensed into chromosomes
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of
The random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know what has occurred
Crossing over
Chiasmata
The points of contact between paired chromatids during meiosis, resulting in a cross-shaped configuration and representing the cytological manifestation of crossing over.
Crossing over
Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Corresponding legs of a chromosome that are bound by a centromere; identical
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs that code for the same trait but have different structures
Chromatin
Loosely bound DNA before coiling
Chromosomes
Are made of coiled DNA with two chromatids bound by a centromere after replication
Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can best be explained by
Environmental factors such as soil pH
Two characters that appear in a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation should have what property?
Sixteen different phenotypes
Two true breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers. All F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. If 1000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers?
190
Trait
A variant for a character
Character
A heritable feature that varies among individuals
Gene
A heritable unit that determines a character and can exist in different forms
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
Food to NADH to the ETC to oxygen
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent? A. Chemiosmosis B. Oxidative phosphorylation C. Electron transport D. The citric acid cycle E. Glycolysis
E. Glycolysis
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a byproduct of which of the following?
A. The electron transfer system of photosystem 1
B. The electron transfer system of photosystem 2
C. Splitting of water molecules
D. Forming NADP+
C. Splitting of water molecules
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. They discover his mitochondria can only use fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. What is wrong?
His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
After the second agitation of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost from the inner mitochondrial membrane?
ATP synthase, in whole or in part
Have sexual spores found in a club shaped cell
Basidiomycota
Sexual spores found in sac-like structures
Ascomycota
Tough zygospore that can stay dormant for long periods of time
Zygomycota
Flagellated spores
Chytridomycota
What would happen if mosquitoes disappeared from the Plasmodium life cycle?
The Plasmodium life cycle would be interrupted and the infection could not be passed on.
Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?
A mix between autotroph and heterotroph
At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients and producing fruiting bodies?
At the outer line of the circle
Which type of fungi have a mutualistic relationship by breaking down nutrients for plants? A. Parasitic fungi B. None of the choices C. Truffles D. Lichen
B. None of the choices
Which of these are mutualistic partnerships that involves a protist and a host organism?
A. Cellulose digesting protists: wood eating termites
B. Zooxanthellae: coral reefs
C. Giardia: humans
D. All except C
D. All except C
Which of these structures are most likely to be a component of both Chytrid zoospores and motile animal cells? A. Flagella B. Haustoria C. Pseudopods D. Cilia E. Pellicle
A. Flagella
The Ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle? A. The shape of their spore B. The type of vegetative mycelium C. Vegetative growth form D. Sexual spores E. Asexual spore production
D. Sexual spores
Paramecium
Ciliophora
Plasmodium
Sporozoa
Red algae
Rhodophyta
Brown algae
Phaeophyta
Common molds
Zygomycota
Club fungi
Basidiomycota
Spirogyra
Chlorophyta
Diatoms
Chrysophyta
Euglena
Euglenophyta
Volvox
Chlorophyta
Dinoflagellates
Pyrrophyta
What is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes a high mortality rate in its host?
The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal
If the vertical axis refers to Darwinian fitness then what is the most valid and accurate measure of fitness?
Number of generations per unit of time
If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is
Binary fission
The thermoacidophile, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, lacks peptidoglycan. What is likely true of this species?
Archaean, optimal pH of enzymes lies below 7, could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs
Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. What observation comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available?
Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals
What is true about prokaryotes?
They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis
What molecule makes up the viral envelope?
Glycoproteins
The sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes associated with allergies are caused when
Mast cells release histamines
What differentiates T cells and B cells?
T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens
Which of the following might be a child with Bruton’s disease (underdeveloped B cells)?
A. John- immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors
B. Denise- low level of antibody response
C. Jeff- no plasma cells
D. Susan- no evidence of a thymus gland
C. Jeff- no plasma cells
