Bladder Cancer

Question 1

What is the male to female ratio in bladder cancer incidence?

Answer 1

0.12569444444444455

Question 2

What is the most important environmental risk factor for bladder cancer?

Answer 2

Tobacco smoking

Question 3

What percentage of bladder cancers are non-muscle invasive at diagnosis?

Answer 3

75-85%

Question 4

What is the most common histological type of bladder cancer?

Answer 4

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

Question 5

What infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?

Answer 5

Schistosomiasis

Question 6

What genetic mutation is commonly involved in bladder cancer?

Answer 6

Oncogene mutations and tumor suppressor gene alterations

Question 7

What is bladder exstrophy?

Answer 7

A congenital malformation where the bladder is exposed outside the body

Question 8

What is the gold standard for bladder cancer diagnosis?

Answer 8

Histopathology from TURB

Question 9

What is TURB?

Answer 9

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor

Question 10

What are the common symptoms of bladder cancer?

Answer 10

Hematuria, LUTS, acute urinary retention, renal colic

Question 11

What imaging method is best for assessing upper tract recurrence risk?

Answer 11

CT-IVU

Question 12

What is the first diagnostic imaging for bladder cancer suspicion?

Answer 12

Ultrasound

Question 13

What type of urinary cytology is highly sensitive for?

Answer 13

High-grade bladder cancer

Question 14

What is the role of PDD in bladder cancer?

Answer 14

Helps identify Tis and small tumors using fluorescence

Question 15

What is the first cystoscopy follow-up time after TURB?

Answer 15

3 months

Question 16

What does Tis indicate in bladder cancer staging?

Answer 16

Carcinoma in situ

Question 17

What is VI-RADS used for?

Answer 17

Assessing muscle invasion in bladder cancer using mpMRI

Question 18

What are the two main types of bladder cancer?

Answer 18

Non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive

Question 19

What treatment is used for low-risk NMIBC?

Answer 19

Intravesical chemotherapy (e.g., mitomycin C)

Question 20

What treatment is used for high-risk NMIBC?

Answer 20

Intravesical BCG immunotherapy

Question 21

What is BCGitis?

Answer 21

Systemic side effect of BCG therapy resembling tuberculosis

Question 22

What is the most common site of recurrence in bladder cancer?

Answer 22

Bladder itself

Question 23

What percentage of TCC patients develop upper tract neoplasms?

Answer 23

2-4%

Question 24

What is an early cystectomy?

Answer 24

Cystectomy done in high-risk NMIBC to prevent progression

Question 25

What organs are removed in male radical cystectomy?

Answer 25

Bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles

Question 26

What organs are removed in female radical cystectomy?

Answer 26

Bladder, uterus, ovaries, anterior vaginal wall

Question 27

What is a neobladder?

Answer 27

A new urinary reservoir constructed from bowel and connected to urethra

Question 28

What is an ileal conduit?

Answer 28

Segment of ileum used to divert urine to a stoma

Question 29

What is the most used urinary diversion in Italy?

Answer 29

Bricker’s ileal conduit

Question 30

What is cutaneous ureterostomy?

Answer 30

Ureters connected directly to the abdominal wall for urine drainage

Question 31

What is the major complication of neobladder?

Answer 31

Incontinence

Question 32

What is re-TURB?

Answer 32

A second-look TURB to assess and treat residual disease

Question 33

What are common early complications of cystectomy?

Answer 33

Urinary fistulae, paralytic ileus, wound infections

Question 34

What are common late complications of cystectomy?

Answer 34

Nephritis, stenosis, CKD, stones

Question 35

What staging method uses mpMRI for bladder cancer?

Answer 35

VI-RADS

Question 36

What defines muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)?

Answer 36

Invasion into the detrusor muscle (T2 or higher)

Question 37

What is a high-grade bladder tumor?

Answer 37

A tumor with aggressive behavior, often G3

Question 38

What is the standard LND in bladder cancer surgery?

Answer 38

Removal of internal iliac, presacral, obturator, external iliac lymph nodes

Question 39

What is a heterotopic pouch?

Answer 39

A continent urinary diversion emptied via catheter

Question 40

What is a common side effect of pelvic radiotherapy?

Answer 40

Increased bladder cancer risk

Question 41

What does LUTS stand for?

Answer 41

Lower urinary tract symptoms

Question 42

What is photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)?

Answer 42

Cystoscopy with fluorescent light after applying a chemical agent

Question 43

What are the grades of bladder cancer?

Answer 43

PUNLMP, low grade, high grade

Question 44

What is the incidence of bladder cancer in Europe?

Answer 44

0.06

Question 45

What is the mortality rate of bladder cancer globally?

Answer 45

Approx. 11.9/100,000/year in men

Question 46

What is one indication for a neobladder over other diversions?

Answer 46

Desire for physiological urination

Question 47

What is required before neobladder creation?

Answer 47

No tumor involvement in the urethra

Question 48

How is intravesical therapy administered?

Answer 48

Via a catheter into the bladder

Question 49

Why is cystoscopy crucial in bladder cancer follow-up?

Answer 49

High recurrence rates, especially early after TURB