RCC and cystic patho

Question 1

What percentage of adult malignancies are renal neoplasms?

Answer 1

0.03

Question 2

What is the most common renal neoplasm?

Answer 2

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Question 3

What is the male to female ratio for RCC?

Answer 3

1.5:1

Question 4

Which racial group has a higher RCC prevalence?

Answer 4

African/Afro-American population

Question 5

Name a hereditary syndrome associated with RCC.

Answer 5

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

Question 6

What is the most common cause of RCC-related deaths in children?

Answer 6

Wilms’ tumor

Question 7

Which lifestyle factor doubles the incidence of RCC?

Answer 7

Tobacco smoke

Question 8

Name three chemicals that increase RCC risk.

Answer 8

Plumb, asbestos, cadmium

Question 9

Name a food group linked to RCC risk.

Answer 9

Red meat and dairy products

Question 10

What chronic disease is associated with RCC risk?

Answer 10

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Question 11

What percentage of small renal masses are malignant?

Answer 11

75-80%

Question 12

What is the gold standard treatment for small renal masses?

Answer 12

Conservative renal surgery

Question 13

What is Virchow’s triad in RCC?

Answer 13

Flank pain, abdominal mass, hematuria

Question 14

What is the most common presenting symptom of RCC?

Answer 14

Gross hematuria

Question 15

Which organ is the most common site of RCC metastasis?

Answer 15

Lungs

Question 16

Which bone lesions are typical for RCC metastasis?

Answer 16

Osteolytic lesions

Question 17

What imaging is considered gold standard for RCC?

Answer 17

Contrast-enhanced CT

Question 18

Which benign renal tumor features a central scar?

Answer 18

Oncocytoma

Question 19

What are the major RCC histological subtypes?

Answer 19

Clear-cell, papillary, chromophobe, Bellini’s carcinoma

Question 20

What is the ISUP 2013 grade classification based on?

Answer 20

Tumor nucleoli visibility

Question 21

What is Grade 4 in ISUP classification?

Answer 21

Extreme nuclear pleomorphism, giant cells, sarcomatous or rhabdoid features

Question 22

What does the TNM staging system evaluate?

Answer 22

Tumor size, invasion, metastasis

Question 23

What does PADUA score assess?

Answer 23

Surgical complexity based on tumor anatomy

Question 24

What type of surgery removes the kidney and nearby structures?

Answer 24

Radical nephrectomy

Question 25

What approach is gold standard for T2 tumors?

Answer 25

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy

Question 26

What is nephron-sparing surgery?

Answer 26

Surgery preserving healthy kidney tissue

Question 27

What surgical approach is preferred for upper pole lesions?

Answer 27

Retroperitoneal approach

Question 28

What is the ischemia time cut-off in nephron-sparing surgery?

Answer 28

Under 25 minutes

Question 29

What is tumor enucleation?

Answer 29

Removal of tumor with its pseudocapsule

Question 30

What technology aids augmented reality surgery?

Answer 30

HA3D virtual models

Question 31

Name a non-surgical ablation technique for small renal masses.

Answer 31

Radiofrequency ablation

Question 32

Who are ideal candidates for ablation therapy?

Answer 32

Elderly with comorbidities or single kidney

Question 33

What is the prevalence of cystic renal pathology in adults?

Answer 33

About 50%

Question 34

What is a simple renal cyst?

Answer 34

A well-defined, thin-walled fluid-filled lesion

Question 35

What complications can occur in simple cysts?

Answer 35

Hemorrhage, infection, rupture

Question 36

What classifies a complex renal cyst?

Answer 36

Multiloculated, septated, possibly enhancing

Question 37

What is the Bosniak classification used for?

Answer 37

Assess malignancy risk in renal cysts

Question 38

What does Bosniak category II indicate?

Answer 38

Benign cyst with thin septa or calcification

Question 39

What does Bosniak category IV indicate?

Answer 39

Clearly malignant cyst with enhancing soft tissue

Question 40

How are simple symptomatic cysts treated?

Answer 40

US-guided drainage or marsupialization

Question 41

What is polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 41

A hereditary disorder with multiple renal cysts

Question 42

What gene is mutated in ADPKD?

Answer 42

PKD1 or PKD2

Question 43

What organ system is affected in ARPKD besides kidneys?

Answer 43

Liver (congenital cirrhosis)

Question 44

What symptoms indicate sponge-kidney disease?

Answer 44

Hematuria, flank pain, fever

Question 45

What is the treatment for sponge-kidney disease?

Answer 45

Increase water intake

Question 46

What is the function of the nephrometry score?

Answer 46

Evaluate renal tumor complexity

Question 47

What is the most common malignant renal tumor?

Answer 47

Clear-cell RCC

Question 48

What systemic symptoms are common in RCC?

Answer 48

Fatigue, weight loss, fever, anemia

Question 49

What is the significance of tumor pseudocapsule?

Answer 49

Facilitates surgical enucleation