Urinary Tract Infections

Question 1

What is the most common infectious disease in women?

Answer 1

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Question 2

What percentage of hospital-acquired infections are UTIs?

Answer 2

0.4

Question 3

What are the three criteria to define a UTI?

Answer 3

Urinary symptoms, bacteriuria, and leukocyturia

Question 4

How is significant bacteriuria defined?

Answer 4

> 1 x 10^5 CFU/mL

Question 5

Which part of the urinary tract does pyelonephritis affect?

Answer 5

Renal parenchyma

Question 6

What is the most common UTI classification by location?

Answer 6

Lower (bladder, urethra) and Upper (kidney)

Question 7

What defines recurrent UTIs?

Answer 7

≥3 UTIs/year or ≥2 in 6 months

Question 8

Who is at higher risk of complicated UTIs?

Answer 8

Men, pregnant women, menopausal women, anatomical abnormalities

Question 9

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Answer 9

Bacterial growth without symptoms

Question 10

When should asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated?

Answer 10

Only in pregnancy

Question 11

What is the main transmission route of UTIs?

Answer 11

Ascending route from urethra

Question 12

Why are women more prone to UTIs?

Answer 12

Shorter urethra and proximity to anus

Question 13

What factors prevent bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract?

Answer 13

Mucopolysaccharides and prostatic secretions

Question 14

Which sexual behavior is a major risk factor for UTIs in women?

Answer 14

Sexual intercourse

Question 15

What conditions favor bacterial growth in urine?

Answer 15

Diabetes and glucose in urine

Question 16

What pathogen is responsible for 80% of UTIs?

Answer 16

Escherichia coli

Question 17

What pathogens are linked to STDs and UTIs?

Answer 17

Chlamydia and Mycoplasma

Question 18

What is the first-level diagnostic test for UTIs?

Answer 18

Urine test and culture

Question 19

What imaging is used for complicated UTIs?

Answer 19

CT-IVU, ultrasound, or MRI

Question 20

When is dynamic renal scintigraphy used?

Answer 20

In complicated or recurrent infections

Question 21

What must be done before prescribing antibiotics for UTIs?

Answer 21

Antibiogram

Question 22

Which type of cystitis has no identifiable pathogen?

Answer 22

Abacterial cystitis

Question 23

What is a typical treatment for acute cystitis in women?

Answer 23

Single dose of fosfomycin

Question 24

What bacteria are most associated with pyelonephritis?

Answer 24

E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella

Question 25

What is a key sign of pyelonephritis?

Answer 25

Fever with flank pain and positive Giordano sign

Question 26

What lab test helps identify pyelonephritis?

Answer 26

CRP, leukocytes, procalcitonin

Question 27

What is the gold standard imaging for pyelonephritis?

Answer 27

CT-IVU

Question 28

What is the first-line treatment for acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 28

IV antibiotics for 3-4 weeks

Question 29

When is oral antibiotic sufficient in pyelonephritis?

Answer 29

For mild or non-obstructive cases

Question 30

What is emphysematous pyelonephritis?

Answer 30

Gas-forming infection in diabetics

Question 31

What sign on imaging indicates emphysematous pyelonephritis?

Answer 31

Bear-paw sign with gas in renal parenchyma

Question 32

What are signs of complicated pyelonephritis?

Answer 32

Renal abscess, sepsis, or obstruction

Question 33

What is the treatment for renal abscess?

Answer 33

IV antibiotics and possibly drainage

Question 34

What can cause abacterial cystitis?

Answer 34

Chemotherapy, radiation, or parasites

Question 35

What are protective urinary tract factors?

Answer 35

IgA, glycoproteins, and regular voiding

Question 36

What symptom is common in cystitis?

Answer 36

Burning urination and urgency

Question 37

What distinguishes complicated from uncomplicated UTI?

Answer 37

Presence of anatomical or functional abnormalities

Question 38

What should be avoided in UTI to prevent resistance?

Answer 38

Unnecessary antibiotic treatment

Question 39

What UTI treatment is adjusted in pregnancy?

Answer 39

Antibiotics are selected carefully to avoid fetal harm

Question 40

What population sees increasing asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Answer 40

Elderly and catheterized patients

Question 41

What are signs of urosepsis?

Answer 41

Fever, chills, shivering with urinary symptoms

Question 42

What is the impact of menopause on UTIs?

Answer 42

Increased risk due to low estrogen

Question 43

What is a contraindication in treating asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Answer 43

Treating non-pregnant women

Question 44

What defines uncomplicated pyelonephritis?

Answer 44

Occurs in healthy individuals without obstruction

Question 45

When is hospitalization needed for UTI?

Answer 45

Severe infection, high fever, or sepsis

Question 46

How does biofilm affect UTI treatment?

Answer 46

Makes bacteria resistant and harder to detect

Question 47

What is the role of post-void residual (PVR)?

Answer 47

To assess incomplete bladder emptying

Question 48

Which agents are commonly used for IV UTI treatment?

Answer 48

Fluoroquinolones and ceftriaxone

Question 49

What symptom can mimic cystitis in older women?

Answer 49

Bladder cancer presenting as hematuria